Ch16 Flashcards
Fleming, Florey, and Chain
gained Nobel Prize for discovery/development of penicillin as the first clinically proven antibiotic to treat infections
biotechnology
Give examples
the use of biological processes/organisms to produce goods
(cheese, yogurt, beer, food preservatives, antibiotics, food preservatives)
red biotechnology
white biotechnology
green biotechnology
biotechnology related to MEDICAL applications
biotechnology related to INDUSTRIAL applications
biotechnology related to AGRICULTURE (bioremediation)
What must microbes be able to do in order to be useful for biotechnology? Why is this the case?
They must be able to replicate well under laboratory conditions, as naturally occurring strains may not produce enough/ desired product
What are alternatives utilized when natural strains of microorganisms fail to make enough desired product?
1.)The isolation of microorganisms from natural strains with improved characteristics
2.) (If that ain’t fast/sufficient enough) Recombinant DNA technology
culture collections
public collections of microbes that all scientists have access to for study and whatnot
bioprospecting
the search for novel (new/different) organisms, biological materials/processes
fermentation (industrial microbiology)
fermentation (metabolic or biochemical)
any industrial process of the culture of anaerobic OR aerobic microorganisms to make desired things
(many modern industrial fermentations occur in the presence of oxygen)
catabolic reactions that result in ATP in the absence of O2
bioreactors
fed-batch reactor
chemostat
culture vessels where industrial fermentation occurs
a type of bioreactor that provides culture with nutrients over time (extends the lag phase)
a type of bioreactor that has the same amount of removed culture and added medium
biofilms
groups/layers of microbes on a surface that interact/support each other
How are biofilms formed?
group of bacteria forms the first layer
secondary colonizers join
all microbes secrete EPS (exopolysaccharides)
What is EPS? Why is it important?
Exopolysaccharides are secreted by microbes; help protect biofilm and form water-filled channels for nutrients and wastes
Winogradsky column
enrichment column, different microbes flourish in different areas
direct sequencing
a cultivation-independent technique where DNA is extracted and sequenced
Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE)
separates DNA from an environmental sample and cuts it up into pieces (fragmentation)
Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP)
PCR of a common gene causes the amplification/labeling of a fragment
size of label depends on fluorescence
Fluorescent in situ hybridization
use of oligonucleotide probes to BIND to specific DNA/RNA in a mixed population of cells
Flow cytometry
detection of labeled cells in a mixed population by passing them through a laser and detecting light emittance
stable isotope method
microbes are fed radioactive ISOTOPES of carbon/nitrogen
a chloride gradient separates DNA/RNA molecules in the cells based on cell metabolism
Metagenomics
DNA from an environmental sample is used to create a genomic library
OTU
operational taxonomic unit; a group of organisms that share 97% or more of SSU rRNA gene sequence identity (closely related individuals)
What percentage of the ocean’s biomass is microbial?
random mutagenesis
What is a drawback of this approach
the exposure of the genome to mutagens like UV and X rays increases the chance of a mutation
the resulting mutations are undefined
effective screens aren’t available for wanted phenotypes
“Penicillium chrysogenum”
The mold that started the antibiotic revolution
