Ch. 2

Question 1

theory

Answer 1

well-developed set of ideas that
propose an explanation for observed
phenomena.

Question 2

hypothesis

Answer 2

tentative and testable statement
(prediction) about the relationship between two or more variables

Question 3

mean

Answer 3

the average

Question 4

median

Answer 4

the middle

Question 5

mode

Answer 5

most occuring

Question 6

range

Answer 6

highest # - lowest #

Question 7

correlation

Answer 7

when two variables are
correlated, one variable changes as the other does.

Question 8

correlation coefficient

Answer 8

number from -1 to +1, indicating the strength and direction of the
relationship between variable

Question 9

positive correlation

Answer 9

Two variables change in the same direction, both becoming either
larger or smaller

Question 10

negative correlation

Answer 10

two variables change in different directions, with one becoming larger
as the other becomes smaller

Question 11

correlation does not equal…

Answer 11

causation

Question 12

naturalistic observation

Answer 12

when individuals are observed in their natural environments without interference or manipulation by the researcher

Question 13

case study

Answer 13

focus on one individual, usually an extreme/rare case.

Question 14

case study cons

Answer 14

hard to generalize

Question 15

case study pros

Answer 15

allows lots on insight and focus

Question 16

naturalistic observation pro

Answer 16

most authentic and unaltered form

Question 17

naturalistic observation con

Answer 17

observer bias, scientist sees what they want to see

Question 18

survey

Answer 18

list of questions that can be delivered in many ways

Question 19

survey examples

Answer 19

paper, electronic, verbally

Question 20

experimental group

Answer 20

The participants that experience the manipulated variable (group designed to answer the research question).

Question 21

control group

Answer 21

Participants that do not experience the manipulated variable

Question 22

cross sectional study

Answer 22

any group of people, any age group

Question 23

longitudinal study

Answer 23

one person over a period of time

Question 24

representative sample

Answer 24

subset of individuals selected from the larger population

Question 25

randomization

Answer 25

all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either group

Question 26

reliability

Answer 26

consistency and reproducibility of a given result

Question 27

validity

Answer 27

accuracy of a given result in measuring what it is designed to measure

Question 28

inter-rater reliability

Answer 28

measure of agreement among observers on how they record and classify a particular event

Question 29

independent variable

Answer 29

Variable that is influenced/controlled by the experimenter

Question 30

dependant variable

Answer 30

Variable that the researcher measures to see how much effect the independent variable had

Question 31

IV and DV example

Answer 31

IV: amount of water given to plant DV: size of plant

Question 32

confounding variable

Answer 32

an external factor that affects both independent and dependent variables

Question 33

placebo effect

Answer 33

a fake intervention when a person makes themselves believe something happened