Ch 2

Question 1

types of diversity

Answer 1

species
genetic
community/ecosystem

Question 2

population

Answer 2

a group of organisms in the same species that inhabit a given area that can and do mate with each other

Question 3

community

Answer 3

the populations of different species that inhabit a given area

Question 4

ecosystem

Answer 4

the biological community and the physical environment

Question 5

tropic levels

Answer 5

feeding level, producers and consumers

Question 6

niche

Answer 6

what/where/when an organism does something

Question 7

succession

Answer 7

change in biological community

Question 8

primary succesion

Answer 8

start over with nothing
volcano creates rock and a tree grows

Question 9

secondary succession

Answer 9

start with something
deforestation produces new trees

Question 10

carrying capacity

Answer 10

how many species can exist before the population role is affected (birth/death)

Question 11

species richness

Answer 11

biodiversity
the number of species in a particular area

Question 12

species diversity

Answer 12

includes richness but also their relative abundance

Question 13

alpha diversity

Answer 13

the number of species in a particular area/community can be used to compare like habitats

Question 14

gamma diversity

Answer 14

the number of species in a large area, consist of more than one type of ecosystem

Question 15

beta diversity

Answer 15

variability of species composition along a geographical or environmental gradient

Question 16

keystone species

Answer 16

species that have a big impact on the area

Question 17

dominant species

Answer 17

species that exits in large populations

Question 18

gene

Answer 18

location on a chromosome, locus, codes for a specific polypeptide

Question 19

alleles

Answer 19

different versions of a gene

Question 20

gene pool

Answer 20

the number and frequency of alleles in a population

Question 21

genotype

Answer 21

genetic characteristics of a trait at the genetic level

Question 22

phenotype

Answer 22

a physical characteristic of a trait that is expressed

Question 23

polymorphic genes

Answer 23

genes with more than one allele

Question 24

fixed allele frequencies

Answer 24

everyone is homozygous for that allele
decreases variation

Question 25

evolution

Answer 25

change over time in the genetic composition of populations requires variation in heritable traits due to mutation, genetic recombination

Question 26

natural selection

Answer 26

only mechanism that adapts populations to their environment differential reproductive success of individuals with different heritable traits relative fitness

Question 27

relative fitness

Answer 27

not just how many offspring, but more offspring than others produce

Question 28

genetic drift

Answer 28

change in the frequency of alleles due to sampling

Question 29

geneflow

Answer 29

migrations of individuals into a population immigration followed by mating can reduce differences between populations

Question 30

how do mechanisms typically impact genetic diversity

Answer 30

natural selection decreases genetic drift decreases gene flow increases

Question 31

biological species concept

Answer 31

species are groups of natural populations that interbreed or could potentially interbreed under natural conditions but are reproductively isolated from other groups

Question 32

species concepts

Answer 32

biological species phylogenic species morphological species general lineage ecological species

Question 33

DNA barcode

Answer 33

mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase I (COI)

Question 34

cryptic species

Answer 34

one of two or more morphologically indistinguishable biological groups that are incapable of interbreeding.

Question 35

speciation

Answer 35

formation of new species

Question 36

anagenesis

Answer 36

vertical evolution

Question 37

cladogenesis

Answer 37

split of one species into two

Question 38

allopatric speciation

Answer 38

separate/distinct adaption cut gene flow

Question 39

sympatric speciation

Answer 39

overlap, can interact, same place

Question 40

polyploidy

Answer 40

multiplication of the chromosome number can get speciation in one generation multiple sets of chromosomes

Question 41

causes of polyploidy

Answer 41

duplication of chromosomes within a single species hybridization with another species followed by duplication

Question 42

realized niche

Answer 42

space in the environment where a species is most highly adapted to play its role and reproduce

Question 43

patterns of diversity/species richness

Answer 43

species richness increases as latitude decreases species richness increases as precipitation and solar radiation increases geographically older areas have more species than younger areas species richness increases as altitude decreases species richness increases as topographic complexity increases

Question 44

why are there so many species in the tropics

Answer 44

more solar energy more time stability over short term more areas

Question 45

more solar energy

Answer 45

more precipitation, higher primary productivity

Question 46

more time

Answer 46

less glacial interference communities are older, longer time for evolutionary interactions

Question 47

stability over short term

Answer 47

no seasons leads to more intense species interactions greater speciation parasites aren't removed each winter adaptations to winter may take longer

Question 48

how many species are there

Answer 48

over 2 million

Question 49

host specificity

Answer 49

a particular insect lives in a particular area in a particular tree Erwin, 1982 1200 beetle species collected from the canopy of a single tree 30 million insects

Question 50

taxonomic ratios

Answer 50

mora et al. 2011 8.7 million +/- 1.3 million eukaryotes

Question 51

the different species that inhabit wolf lake would represent a

Answer 51

community

Question 52

after agriculture field was abandoned, and over many decades, the biological community shifted to become dominated by trees, eventually becoming a forest. this biological community underwent the process of

Answer 52

secondary succession

Question 53

if you were most interested in the total number of snake species found in the entire region you would want the

Answer 53

gamma diversity

Question 54

what could potentially decrease the realized niche of a species

Answer 54

a new predator

Question 55

what could result in ecological release of a forest dwelling insect

Answer 55

it is introduced to a new continent

Question 56

the adaptive radiation of Honeycreepers in the Hawaiian island chain resulted in more than 50 new species on the island. these new bird species could be considered to be ____ to the islands

Answer 56

endemic

Question 57

what is true of genetic drift

Answer 57

it decreases genetic variation in a population

Question 58

in general, biodiversity decreases with increasing

Answer 58

latitude

Question 59

what may prevent the loss of genetic variation within a small population

Answer 59

gene flow

Question 60

what is the closest value to the Mora et al. estimate of species using the ratios of new taxa

Answer 60

8.7 million

Question 61

a new highway is constructed that is wide enough to prevent small animals to cross it. what mechanism of evolution would be disrupted by this road

Answer 61

gene flow