Ch 9

Question 1

protected areas

Answer 1

best way to preserve diversity
established by gov agencies, NGOs, conservation societies

Question 2

goals

Answer 2

preservation of biology
scenic beauty
to protect water shed/resources

Question 3

protected levels

Answer 3

strict nature reserves
national parks
national lakeshore/seashore

Question 4

partial protection levels

Answer 4

managed resource areas
national forest land

Question 5

protection levels

Answer 5

most protected
I, II, III, IV
managed for resources
V, VI

Question 6

how much is protected

Answer 6

about 16% of earths land surface
<5% ocean

Question 7

IUCN Green list

Answer 7

effective governance, design, and management
successful at conserving biodiversity
respect for the local community
contributes to climate change response
establishes how the parks are running

Question 8

marine protected areas

Answer 8

harder to protect
boundaries are difficult to establish
less self-contained recruitment may depend on larvae from other regions
harder to control pollution, sources can diffuse and be harder to pinpoint/stop

Question 9

high seas treaty

Answer 9

agreement under UN Convention on the Law of the Sea on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction
new protected areas
mechanism to share genetic resources
funding mechanism and framework

Question 10

how have fishing efforts changed

Answer 10

people fish just outside of the boundaries more often than other areas

Question 11

establishing new protected areas

Answer 11

identify species/communities that are priorities for conservation
find all areas that allow us to meet these conservation goals
link new areas to existing protected areas to expand/establish conservation networks

Question 12

identify priorities

Answer 12

distinctiveness
endangerment
utility value

Question 13

distinctiveness

Answer 13

community of rare endemic species, more distinct than one that is widespread and common
taxonomic distinction, relic species that are unique, or the sole representative of their genus, family

Question 14

endangerment

Answer 14

what are the conservation categories on the IUCN red list

Question 15

utility value

Answer 15

those with some present or future value to humans have higher priorities

Question 16

species conservation approaches

Answer 16

ESA protects species

Question 17

indicator species

Answer 17

protection of a species could preserve an entire community it represents

Question 18

flagship species

Answer 18

one with high existence value will bring in tourist dollars

Question 19

public backlash

Answer 19

public perceptions that a “worthless species” is holding up progress

Question 20

biodiversity hot spot approach

Answer 20

key areas in the world have high species richness, endemism, and risk of extinction
attempt to maximize preservation even if a small amount of area is preserved

Question 21

ecosystem and community approaches

Answer 21

costs
economic value
functionality

Question 22

costs

Answer 22

is it more cost effective to concentrate on communities?
cheaper to preserve a habitat before they are endangered?

Question 23

economic value of communities

Answer 23

communities have economic value
water sheds

Question 24

functionality

Answer 24

changes made in an ecosystem
may make it difficult to conserve a single species or population

Question 25

new protected areas using GAP analysis

Answer 25

prevention, cheaper to save while still common areas that represent "gaps" comparing distribution data of species diversity, endangerment, boundaries, etc available information to planners and managers so maximize conservation goals

Question 26

basic methodology

Answer 26

establish 3 data layers -vegetation land cover -known or estimated vertebrate species distributions -land ownership satellite data utilize GIS to integrate data from different resources

Question 27

GIS

Answer 27

geographic information systems

Question 28

designing protected areas

Answer 28

there will only be so many protected areas how can we assure that we maximize their effectiveness use basic principles of conservation biology in the process

Question 29

reserve size

Answer 29

island biogeography theory SLOSS debate

Question 30

island biogeography theory

Answer 30

large islands can hold larger number of species equilibrium implies some will go extinct is it adequate? doesn't include human impact

Question 31

SLOSS debate

Answer 31

single large or several small

Question 32

is a bigger size always better

Answer 32

the number of species does increase as reserve size increases but the rate of increase declines at the same point

Question 33

shape of reserves

Answer 33

round long linear often based on the ability to acquire land, design does not typically dictate

Question 34

round reserve shapes

Answer 34

decreases the edge to area ratio minimize edge effects decrease cost of protection of boundaries

Question 35

long linear reserve size

Answer 35

has the most edge

Question 36

habitat selection

Answer 36

underrepresented habitat types areas with high diversity or rare species heterogenous preferred over homogeneous entire ecosystems climate change higher latitude/altitude

Question 37

networks of protected areas

Answer 37

habitat corridors landscape ecology

Question 38

habitat corridors

Answer 38

connections that allow migration between reserves

Question 39

design of corridors

Answer 39

should follow natural migration paths need for ecological information protected clear cut area to link forest reserves several species will not cross this barrier

Question 40

landscape ecology

Answer 40

landscape- large regions that includes multiple communities include areas outside study the connections

Question 41

managing protected areas

Answer 41

condition of environment size/location manage or not to manage is it better without human intervention? requirements of the community

Question 42

condition of the environment

Answer 42

management may be needed if the environment was already altered by humans

Question 43

size/location may impact decision

Answer 43

small reserve near a city may need more management large reserve in rural areas may need limited intervention

Question 44

succession

Answer 44

no disturbances vs too much controlled disturbances (fires/grazing) may be difficult to estimate frequency that is necessary

Question 45

keystone resources

Answer 45

artificial resources may have to be used if natural ones are unavailable

Question 46

is management always beneficial?

Answer 46

removal of pesticides, increases game species removal of fallen trees, may remove habitats fire control, out of control fires rhino horns cut to discourage poaching, animals cannot defend themselves

Question 47

monitoring programs

Answer 47

important for the planning of future efforts are the goals being met? how is it assessed? population numbers, breeding, etc

Question 48

threats to management

Answer 48

poaching human-animal conflicts degradation climate change proper funding

Question 49

buffer zones

Answer 49

adjacent land near parks boundaries for sustainable use, preferred to development some areas unsuitable for a functioning reserve, better as a park/recreation