Ch 3

Question 1

economic factors

Answer 1

voluntary transactions
market failure
common party resources

Question 2

voluntary transactions

Answer 2

take place when beneficial to the parties involved
cost of damage to the environment are felt by all of society

Question 3

externalities

Answer 3

environmental damage is often a hidden cost of economic activity

Question 4

market failure

Answer 4

misallocation of resources in which an individual benefits at the expense of society
economic forces will tend to undervalue natural resources and biodiversity

Question 5

common property resources

Answer 5

resources owned collectively by society as a whole
when the damage is done to these resources society as a whole pays the cost, while individual parties may benefit

Question 6

what is the real cost of resources used

Answer 6

elimination of perverse subsidies
penalties for pollution
taxes for use of fossil fuels

Question 7

ecological economics

Answer 7

looks at the value of biological diversity in economic terms used by conservation biologists to convince the government and industry leaders

Question 8

environmental impact statement

Answer 8

conducted by ecological economists to evaluate the impact of large projects on the environment, biodiversity, and people living nearby

Question 9

cost-benefit analysis

Answer 9

compares the value gained by the project with the costs incurred

Question 10

precautionary principle

Answer 10

wait if there looks to be serious harm

Question 11

opportunity cost

Answer 11

conservation/other budget requirements
priorities for conservation money/decision making
species a or species b

Question 12

gross domestic product (GDP)

Answer 12

the total market value of all goods and services produced in a country
measures economic activity (spending), but not the costs incurred
activities that may hurt the economy in the long run may increase the GDP now

Question 13

genuine progress indicator (GPI)

Answer 13

meant to more completely include the impact on all areas of our lives and families
26 indicators
economic, environmental, societal

Question 14

environmental performance index (EPI)

Answer 14

ranks countries based on how they protect the environment
policy and its execution
protection of ecosystems
vulnerability of citizens to pollution
countries with higher per capita income generally rank higher on the EPI

Question 15

assigning value to diversity

Answer 15

protecting a species-how much will it cost?
how much is it worth?
aesthetic value
scientific value
educational value
economic value

Question 16

economic value

Answer 16

value if harvested vs not
value of resources in the natural state
future value

Question 17

direct use values

Answer 17

assigned to products people harvest

Question 18

indirect use values

Answer 18

benefits from not harvesting a resource
recreation, education, scientific research
water, air, soil quality, prevention of soil erosion, ecosystem productivity

Question 19

consumptive use value

Answer 19

direct use
goods consumed locally, never make it to market, not bought or sold

Question 20

replacement cost approach

Answer 20

how much people would have to pay if the resource was not available locally
calculates consumptive use

Question 21

productive use value

Answer 21

value of resource harvested from the wild and sold in national and international markets
typically sale of raw materials
= price paid at first sale - costs incurred to bring it to that point

Question 22

forest products

Answer 22

most significant product, timber/wood

Question 22

biologically derived medicine

Answer 22

many of our drugs were first discovered naturally
many of the most commonly used products in the US were derived originally from natural products

Question 22

indirect values

Answer 22

non consumptive use value
option value
existence value

Question 22

nonconsumptive use value

Answer 22

services provided by the environment that are not used for consumption primary productivity climate regulation species relationship

Question 23

ecosystem (primary) productivity

Answer 23

we depend on the photosynthetic activity of plants and algae base of food chain for all commercial animals carbon sequestration plant productivity increases with diversity

Question 23

carbon sequestration

Answer 23

produce O2 and absorb CO2 from the atmosphere

Question 24

higher diversity leads to

Answer 24

higher productivity higher nutrient uptake from soil higher insect diversity less prone to invasion by exotic species more tolerant of drought conditions

Question 25

protection of water and soil resources

Answer 25

biological communities protect water shed plant foliage and dead leaves intercept rain, decrease effect on soil root systems aerate the soil, increase its water capacity, reduces flooding vegetation and root systems protect against landslides and soil erosion

Question 26

logging or destruction of wetlands

Answer 26

may lead to increases soil erosion and increase silt that runs into waterways increase sediment loads in water damage water supply damage top soil flooding

Question 27

climate regulation

Answer 27

plant communities may moderate climate local, regional and global levels

Question 28

local level

Answer 28

trees provide shade important wind breaks, for agricultural fields and homes

Question 29

regional level

Answer 29

transpiration from plants returns water to the atmosphere water returns as rain loss vegetation causes a reduce in rainfall

Question 30

global level

Answer 30

plants absorb CO2 for photosynthesis may be important for reducing carbon dioxide that contributes to global warming provides oxygen

Question 31

waste treatment/nutrient storage

Answer 31

waste treatment from industry, agriculture and human settlements communities may process toxic materials, pesticides, fertilizers, sewage and other waste biological communities break down this waste when these communities are damages, expensive waste treatment plants must be utilized

Question 31

nutrient retention

Answer 31

these communities may store the nutrients that move through them from sewage and fertilizers nutrients can then be utilized by photosynthetic organisms provide a matrix for bacteria that fix atmospheric nitrogen

Question 32

species relationships

Answer 32

wild game and fish harvested commercially depend on other species as food sources detritivores are critical for nutrient recycling useful plants may depend on birds for seed dispersal wild insects that pollinate crop plants

Question 32

indicator species

Answer 32

river otters = clean river systems algae blooms = sewage/fertilizer problems

Question 33

amenity value/recreation

Answer 33

hiking, biking, bird watching, diving, recreational fishing also value from travel expenses associated with activities

Question 34

ecotourism

Answer 34

expanding in developing countries people travel to see exotic communities and rare species found there

Question 35

ecotourism advantages

Answer 35

provides a compelling economic argument to preserve diversity may encourage habitat conservation, or limited harvest people from local communities are employed typically better than habitat destruction

Question 36

ecotourism disadvantages

Answer 36

damages habitat-increase development, water/air pollution disturbs animals-noise/light pollution, familiarity with humans

Question 37

education and scientific value

Answer 37

the more we learn the better we will be able to preserve what we have

Question 38

technological advances

Answer 38

PCR developed using the DNA polymerase from bacterium Thermus aquaticus

Question 39

CRISPR

Answer 39

clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats

Question 40

Cas 9

Answer 40

a nuclease that can cut DNA that matches an associated piece of RNA

Question 41

option value

Answer 41

future value, potential benefits of biodiversity genetic resources future food source medicine, etc

Question 42

existence value

Answer 42

value to society in general what we are willing to sacrifice/pay to protect a species charismatic megafauna aka beneficiary value, bequest value

Question 43

charismatic megafauna

Answer 43

species that get the most attention, and money

Question 44

the chances that ecotourism helps maintain the biodiversity of a region are greatest if

Answer 44

locally owned businesses benefit financially from the tourists

Question 45

what would be the most harmful impact of ecotourism on animals

Answer 45

animals may lose their fear to humans

Question 46

money spent on captive breeding programs for the California Condor could have been spent on other conservation programs. the programs that were not funded would be called the

Answer 46

opportunity cost

Question 47

the hidden environmental costs of voluntary economic transactions, such as air pollution are

Answer 47

externalities

Question 48

the economic index that includes social, and environmental factors as well as economic indicators that is used by several states to monitor the state of the economy

Answer 48

genuine progress indicator

Question 49

the active ingredient of commercially successful medicines were isolated from plants. This is an example of ___ use value of biodiversity

Answer 49

direct-productive

Question 50

what would represent a consumptive value of biodiversity

Answer 50

perch caught and eaten by a family

Question 51

what is an example of local climate regulation accomplished by plants

Answer 51

trees planted near your house decrease heating and cooling costs

Question 52

when wetlands are drained to develop the land, the surrounding area may be at a greater risk of

Answer 52

flooding

Question 53

species like mayflies, river otters, are thought to be ____ species, suggesting ____ environmental quality

Answer 53

indicator good

Question 54

what increases the Environmental Performance Index of a country

Answer 54

higher capita income