CH 7

Question 1

environment

Answer 1

types of habitats utilized
how much area is needed (territory/home range)
how variable is the environment
frequency and severity of distrubances

Question 2

distribution

Answer 2

random, clustered/clumped, spaced regularly/uniform, metapopulation, migration patterns

Question 3

biotic interactions

Answer 3

species that are food, competitors, predators, parasites, symbiotic associations

Question 4

morphology

Answer 4

what the organism looks like
distinguishing features
change over geographic range

Question 5

physiology

Answer 5

tolerance to heat/humidity/cold/extreme
food and mineral requirements
water requirements for reproduction
fire adapted

Question 6

demography

Answer 6

Ne (generation) past and present
birth rates
death rates
age structure
sex ratio

Question 7

behavior

Answer 7

nocturnal/diurnal
social organization
mating/reproductive characteristics
food acquisition

Question 8

genetics

Answer 8

heterozygosity
gene flow
inbreeding

Question 9

relationship with humans

Answer 9

hunting/harvesting
fearful of animals

Question 10

peer-reviewed literature

Answer 10

primary and secondary sources

Question 11

gray literature

Answer 11

not peer-reviewed
government reports
conservation organizations
unpublished dissertations

Question 12

online sources

Answer 12

databases
websites
blogs

Question 13

field work data

Answer 13

direct study of national populations
repeated monitoring

Question 14

census studies

Answer 14

count the number of individuals present in the population
works well for organisms that are easy to detect, immobile, and have small populations
can establish the range, population trends

Question 15

amateur naturalists

Answer 15

can cover a wider area
get the community involved
track where things are using apps

Question 16

survey studies

Answer 16

repeated sampling of a population to estimate its density
number of individuals in an area
used when a population is large or has an extensive range
organisms are very small
may miss aggregations, must pick sites randomly
may also look for evidence

Question 17

demographic studies

Answer 17

follow identified individuals over time to estimate rate of growth, survival, rate of reproduction
use tagging methods, or characterization of individuals
provides the best information, gather ecological data directly

Question 18

age structure

Answer 18

can show future reproductive potential, aging populations, young populations
identify critical stages and their requirements

Question 19

social structure

Answer 19

get a real estimate of Ne

Question 19

population viability analysis

Answer 19

construction of a mathematical model
determine whether a species will survive in the environment
risk assessment, calculate the probability of extinction/persistence for a given period of time

Question 19

minimum viable population

Answer 19

the population size required to ensure long term survival
not just the number that could survive under ideal conditions
plan for harsh year, decreased food, drought, natural disasters
3000-5000 estimated for most
10,000 for invert species with variable population

Question 20

minimum dynamic area

Answer 20

the area of suitable habitat required for the minimum viable population
study the home ranges of individuals and colonies
varies depending on the species

Question 21

extinction debt

Answer 21

an area has more individuals than you would predict for its size
suggests a lag in habitat destruction, degradation, or fragmentation on the population
what we have now isn’t enough to sustain them

Question 22

IUCN

Answer 22

international union for the conservation of nature
largest environmental knowledge network
goal is to preserve biodiversity and encourage the sustainable development of the use of natural resources
red list/green list

Question 23

lower risk categories

Answer 23

least concerned near threatened

Question 24

least concerned

Answer 24

not threatened or near threatened

Question 25

near threatened

Answer 25

close to qualifying as vulnerable

Question 26

high risk categories

Answer 26

vulnerable endangered critically endangered

Question 27

vulnerable

Answer 27

high risk of extinction in the wild in medium term future, may become endangered

Question 28

endangered

Answer 28

high risk of extinction in the wild in near future, may become critically endangered

Question 29

critically endangered

Answer 29

high risk of extinction in the wild in immediate future survival seems unlikely

Question 30

other categories

Answer 30

extinct in the wild extinct data deficient not evaluated

Question 31

extinct in the wild

Answer 31

species present only in captivity

Question 32

extinct

Answer 32

the species no longer exists, not seen even after comprehensive research

Question 33

data deficient

Answer 33

not enough information to determine the risk no one has looked for the species needed additional information for dissertation

Question 34

not evaluated

Answer 34

has not been assessed

Question 35

which species should be targetted

Answer 35

vulnerable, endangered, and critically endangered all considered to be threatened with extinction

Question 36

population decline

Answer 36

observed, estimated, inferred decline in past predicted decline

Question 37

extent of occurance

Answer 37

area contained within the shortest continuous imaginary boundary which can be drawn to encompass all the known, inferred, or projected sites of present occurrence of a taxon

Question 38

area of occupancy

Answer 38

defined as the area within its extent of occurrence which is occupied by a taxon

Question 39

what information is necessary

Answer 39

# populations population decline area occupied total # individuals number of population extinction probability

Question 40

number of populations

Answer 40

only one? fragmented into several small sub populations

Question 41

total number of individuals

Answer 41

number of mature/breeding individuals

Question 42

extinction probability

Answer 42

estimated years and generations

Question 43

US endangered species act-purpose

Answer 43

passed by congress to protect endangered and threatened species, along with their habitat to provide a plan for their recovery ultimate goal is recovery to the point that species no longer require protection by the act ecosystem oriented, but depend on those deemed to be endangered or likely to become endangered

Question 44

what species are protected

Answer 44

endangered threatened any subspecies of fish or wildlife or plants any distinct population segment of any species of vertebrate fish or wildlife which interbreeds when mature

Question 45

listing of species

Answer 45

secretary of interior - US fish and wildlife services secretary of commerce - national marine and fisheries service

Question 46

what does it mean to be distinct

Answer 46

national research council suggests use of EU (evolutionary unit)

Question 47

prohibited actions

Answer 47

includes the import and export, take, possession of illegally taken species, transport, or sale of endangered or threatened species by individuals/corporations

Question 48

trends

Answer 48

majority of listed species are plants/vertebrates species listed when populations are extremely small listing is slow

Question 49

candidate species

Answer 49

under review for listing

Question 50

proposed species

Answer 50

already reviewed and considered to warrant listing period of public comment before final determination by USFWS/NMFS

Question 51

CITES

Answer 51

conventional of international trade in endangered species recognition that international cooperation is necessary

Question 52

appendix I - CITES

Answer 52

greatest restriction/protection species endangered or threatened with extinction

Question 53

appendix II - CITES

Answer 53

species that may become threatened without controlling trade

Question 54

appendix III - CITES

Answer 54

species only protected in specific countries

Question 55

prioritization

Answer 55

species approach ecosystem approach wilderness approach hotspot approach