CH. 2 Flashcards
(76 cards)
1
Q
Paul Baltes
A
Lifespan psychologist
-evolutionary selection
-culture
roe of Natural selection = decreases
2
Q
Evolutionary selection benefits:
A
decrease with age
- plays bigger role when younger
- Ex: adolescence and emerging adulthood
3
Q
Need for culture:
A
increases with age
- when you get older
- 70’s & 80’s yr. old
4
Q
Natural Selection
A
Charles Darwin
-more dominant are more likely to survive and reproduce
5
Q
Cultural Perspective
A
Ex: Sickle cell disease
- generally described where red blood cells turn sickle shaped and clog arteries so people have difficulty breathing
- recessive genetic disorder
6
Q
Allele
A
1 form of gene pair
7
Q
Bb
A
B = brown hair, brown eyes b = blonde hair, blue eyes -Capital letter = dominant -Lower case letter = recessive heterozygous = 2 genes that are not identical
8
Q
SCA - SCA
A
Homozygous = gene pair are the same
Sickle Cell Anemia
-most serious
9
Q
R(RBC) - SCA
A
Heterozygous = 2 genes are not identical
Sickle Cell Trait
- milder
- incomplete dominance
Ex: People at higher altitudes can bring SCA into effect
10
Q
Behavioral Genetics
A
- twin studies
- studies of adopted kids
11
Q
Twin studies
A
more complex
12
Q
Adopted kids
A
IQ is a lot similar to biological parents
- adopt before age of 2 to not cause serious problems for kids
- environment helps adopted kids
13
Q
Heritability Coefficient
A
applies to groups, not individuals, in a specific environment
- used to explain how much of the variability(change) in a particular trait(IQ) is determined by hereditary
- statistic
- low self-esteem = not cause of juvenile delinquency
14
Q
Dizygotic
A
Fraternal twins
-each egg gets different sperm
15
Q
Monozygotic
A
Identical twins
- twins where one egg cell gets same sperm
- egg forms one and splits into two
16
Q
Genotype
A
genetic makeup
+PKU = recessive genetic disorder
-never a perfect correspondent
17
Q
PKU
A
Recessive genetic disorder
- -Ex. of autosomal: 1 out of 22 pairs
- -problem with metabolism
- -accumulate a toxic substance
- -success story
18
Q
Phenotype
A
can be measured and visible
-ones physical, behavioral, and psychological features
-Ex: IQ score
Ex: Eye color
19
Q
Polygenic Inheritance
A
most traits are complex are determined by a constellation of genes rather than by a single gene pair
-Poly = many —- Genic = genes
-Ex of shades of grey
Ex: height, weight, intelligence, personality
Ex: extroversion and introversion
–seratonin and dopamine affect depression
20
Q
Correlation
A
how 2 variables are related -Heredity ---> Environment -Examples: \+Passive Environment \+Evocative Environment \+Active (niche picking) Environment
21
Q
Passive Environment
A
provide a rearing environment to child
- dependent on parents
- active
- young children
22
Q
Evoactive Environment
A
Evo = to bring out
Ex: When someone smiles at you and you smile back
-child characteristics elicit or draw experiences to them
——brings out responses in the environment
23
Q
Active (niche picking) Environment
A
children seek out environments that are stimulating
Ex: Seek out experience, like sports, etc.
24
Q
Epigenetic View
A
contrast
Hereditary Environment = bidirectional
multiply how heredity reacts with the environment
-Infancy = (+) and (-) environmental experiences can modify genetic activity
25
"Of a Potter"
Clay = genes
- Sculpting = environment
- depression = neurotransmitter relate
26
Shared Environment
```
Ex: Big family meals at dinner time
-siblings common experiences:
+same neighborhood,
+SES
+schools
+parents personalities
```
27
Nonshared Environment
sibling have very different experiences within and outside family
Examples:
+Moon and Sun
+One kid has energy, the other is reserved
+"black sheep" of family
28
Range of Reaction (Shade of Grey)
EACH PERSON responds to his or her environment in a UNIQUE way because of their genetic make-up
-beautiful visual image of a fan opening and closing
Ex: Geisha girl
%People with lower IQ will have a narrower range of reaction
%People with higher genetic makeup have highest range of reaction
%People in enriched Environment, IQ goes up
29
Canalization
opposite of R.R.
- Heredity restricts the development of some characteristics to just one or a few outcomes
- Intelligence and personality are less strongly/not highly canalized
30
Examples of Canalization:
+Infants perceptual (much sharper 20/20 at year of age) and motor development
+Deep ditch of mud = motor skills / milestones --> walking and crawling
+If you're stuck in a ditch, no way the environment is gonna get you out
31
Genetic Imprinting
(Imprinting) = normal process that effects gene
-depends if you inherit gene from mother or father
--happens to few genes
+maternal gene = active
+paternal gene = silenced
32
Exapmples of Genetic Imprinting:
If goes badly, can cause growth disorder or cancer
+Wilms Tumor ( type of cancer)
+awry = badly
33
Cells, Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA
```
Broad --------> Microscopic
+ 1st 22 pair of chromosomes = autosomes
+23rd pair = sex linked
-XX = Female --> carries more genes
-XY = Male
```
34
The Collaborative Gene
Ex: Cortisol
35
Nucleus
command center
- controls metabolism, growth, and reproduction
- includes genetic blueprint
- inside nucleus = chromosomes
36
Chromosomes
carry the genes
- colored bodies
- contain biochemical substance DNA
- carries the instruction for protein and enzyme production
- humans have 46
- larger ones at top, gets smaller as you go down
37
Men
are more vulnerable to genetic disorder
38
First 22 pairs of chromosomes
autosomes
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23rd pair chromosome
sex chromosomes
| Ex: XX = female .... XY = male
40
Genes
specific segment of DNA follow 1 another like the words in a very long sentence
41
Human Genome Project
international effort to map & sequence the genes
42
Allele
alternative forms of a gene that determine a particular traits
Ex: inherit 1 from mother, 1 from dad
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Homozygous alleles
the same
| Ex: BB or bb
44
Heterozygous alleles
differ
| Ex: Bb or bB
45
Carrier
an organism carries a gene for a trait or disorder
-potentially, while not expressing (manifesting = to display or show) the trait/disorder, is able to pass the trait on to offspring
46
Dominant (D) Gene (Black & White)
dark hair
-wins out if conflicting information
Ex: Db
47
Recessive (b) Gene
blond hair
bb = double recessive
-only exception = sex-linked inheritance, the person will have to inherit 2 alleles for a trait to manifest the trait
Ex: Xh - X ----> X can override effect Xh
48
Traits
hair color, eye color, normal vs. color blindness
49
Genetic Disorders: Dominant alleles
Ex: Huntington's Chorea
50
Genetic Disorders: Recessive alleles
more common = autosomal disorder ---> found on one of 22 pairs = metabolic
Examples:
1.) Sickle-cell anemia
2.) PKU = screen new borns for
3.) Tay Sachs Disease = 1 out of 30 jews & dies by age 5 ---> central nervous system deterioration ---> where mental and physical growth slows way down
51
Incomplete dominance
One allele doesn't dominate the other completely
| Ex: Sickle cell trait = RBC - SCA
52
Too many, too few, or damaged chromosomes....
can lead to mental retardation or effect growth
| -Ex: Down syndrome
53
Autosomal Disorder:
Down syndrome or mongoloidism = too much of extra chromosome 21 that causes severe intellectual disability and physical abnormalities
54
Sex Chromosomal Disorders:
-Klinefelter's Syndrome XXY = men ---> below normal intelligence and usually tall----> an extra X chromosome cause abnormalities
-------both chromosome 23--------
-Turner Syndrome XO = girls ---> limited dev of secondary sex ---> characteristics, difficulty in SPATIAL relations
Ex: video tape ---> how short she was, usually sterile but can grow with therapy
55
Mental Health Literacy
child or individual first who has autism
56
Mitosis
nickname = cell replication ---> repeating exact same #'s of chromosomes
Ex: nails grow, replace old tissue
-fertilized egg cell (zygote) undergoes mitotic division
Ex: the daughter cell will become exact copy of parent cell
57
Fragile X Syndrome
-link to autism
an abnormality in the X chromosome can cause intellectual disability and sexual underdevelopment
-more males than females
58
XXY Syndrome
an extra Y chromosome can cause above-average height
- same intellectual impact
- usually tall
- prisoners
59
Hemophilia
delayed blood clotting causes internal and external bleeding
- 1 in out of 10,000 males
- recessive
- sex-linked
60
Huntingtons disease
central nervous system deteriorates, producing problems in muscle coordination and mental deterioration
- dominant
- genetic disorder
61
PKU
metabolic disorder that, left untreated, causes intellectual disability
- recessive
- Success Story ==> can stop by milk substitute diet at early age
62
Meiosis
nickname = Reduction Division ---> reduce number of chromosomes
- unique to germ cells (sex cells)
- leads to production of MATURE sperm and egg cells
- involves sequence of divisions
63
Meiosis: Product =
mature gametes = mature egg cell
-women = egg cell or ovum
-male = mature sperm cell
singled stranded chromosomes are produced
64
Zygote
fertilized egg
65
Conception
when a single sperm cell unites with an ovum in a process called = fertilization
66
Prenatal Development
lasts approx. 266 days
- beginning with fertilization and ending with birth
- further divided into 3 periods
- 3 trimesters = 3 month segments
- Gestational Age
- Fullterm infant
- Preterm infant
- Posterm infant
67
Gestational Age (GA)
how old you are in mother's womb
- 280 days = 40 weeks
- 265 days = 38 weeks
68
Fullterm Infant
38 to 40 weeks
69
Preterm Infant
36 to 37 weeks
| -premature = born too soon
70
Posterm Infant
42 weeks or > = born on time
- looks like a wise old man or woman
- may induce labor if in womb too long
71
NICU
neonatal intensive care unit
72
Age of Viability
baby can survive outside mothers womb
| Ex: up to 22 weeks can survive
73
2 trends in prenatal development:
1. ) Cephalocaudal development
| 2. ) Proximodistal development
74
Cephalocaudal development
cephalo = head --------- caudal = tail
| - oversized head of baby ==> babies head more developed than body and legs
75
Proximodistal development
proximo = near bye
- works simultaneously (exacty the same)
- baby controls = head control first, then sitting alone, then walking
76
Period of the Zygote
also called = GERMINAL STAGE
- 1st 2 weeks
- begin the process of cell differentiation
- Implantation
