Ch 2&3: the cell and its Fxn

Question 1

____ is an amphipathic bilayer made mostly of phospholipids

Answer 1

Plasma membrane

Question 2

_____ separates the intercellular (protoplasm) from the extracellular enviro

Answer 2

Plasma membrane

Question 3

_____: the membrane bound organelle that contains genetic material

Answer 3

nucleus

Question 4

_____: jelly like substance that contains the organelles

Answer 4

cytoplasm

Question 5

_____ makes up most of the cell in the protoplasm

Answer 5

water

Question 6

_____ makes up part of the cytoplasm

Answer 6

protein

Question 7

____ & ___ have a protein structure and make up the cytoskeleton

Answer 7

microtubules & microfilaments

Question 8

Phospholipids dont like ___

Answer 8

water

Question 9

___ creates kinks in the cell membrane and help to make the membrane more fluid

Answer 9

cholesterol

Question 10

___ (neuro) cells are rich in cholesterol

Answer 10

schwann cells

Question 11

What is the difference between protoplasm and cytoplasm

Answer 11

Protoplasm is the whole content of a cell enclosed within the cell membrane, including both the cytoplasm and nucleus.

Cytoplasm is the content of the cell except the nucleus.

Question 12

_____ allows selective communication btw intracellular and extracellular compartments of the cell

Answer 12

plasma membrane

Question 13

name 3 functions of the plasma membrane

Answer 13

1. allows selective communication btw intracellular and extracellular compartments
2. aids cellular movement
3. Gives cells its form

Question 14

Another name for hydrophobic

Answer 14

nonpolar

a non polar bear

Question 15

are Fatty acids chains polar or nonpolar?

Answer 15

nonpolar (hydrophobic)

Question 16

_____: is a sphere of phospholipids where the heads come together and the tails touch

Answer 16

micelle

Question 17

________: is when the micelle becomes to large. Fatty acids spread out

Answer 17

bilayer sheet

what cell membranes are

Question 18

______: are created by drug companies. They hold drugs in the center to look like a micelle. This enables the drug to move through nonpolar environments

Answer 18

liposome

Question 19

_____ membrane proteins are intercellular and extracellular

Answer 19

integral

Question 20

______ membrane proteins protrude bilayers

Answer 20

integral

Question 21

____membrane proteins provide channels/pores

Answer 21

integral membrane proteins

Question 22

____ membrane proteins act as carrier proteins in active transport

Answer 22

integral membrane protein

Question 23

_____ membrane proteins act as receptors

Answer 23

integral

Question 24

5 properties of integral membrane proteins

Answer 24

1. protrde bilayer
2. provide channels/ pores
3. carrier protein in active transport
4. enzymes
5. receptors

Question 25

_____ membrane proteins only attach to one layer of the cell

Answer 25

peripheral

Question 26

____ membrane proteins can attach to integral proteins

Answer 26

peripheral

Question 27

membrane carbs join with _____ or ____

Answer 27

proteins or lipids

Question 28

the _____ portion of glycoproteins and glycolipids protrudes above the outer layer of the membrane

Answer 28

glyco

Question 29

___ : refers to the loose CHO coating on the outer surface of the cell membrane

Answer 29

glycocalyx

Question 30

4 fxn of glycocalyx'

Answer 30

1. the glycocalyx of one cell can attach to the glycocalyx to bind the cells together 2. the CHOs act as receptors substances for binding hormones 3. gives the surface a negative charge --> repeling neg. molecules 4. assist in immune rxn

Question 31

Neatly all membrane proteins are ___

Answer 31

glycocalyx

Question 32

glycocalyx gives the membrane a _____ charge

Answer 32

negative

Question 33

cholesterol dissolves in hydro__ region

Answer 33

hydrophobic tail region

Question 34

____ provide membrane fluidity

Answer 34

cholesterol

Question 35

cholesteral can be found in ____ cells in the peripheral NS

Answer 35

schwann cells

Question 36

the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane illistrates that the cell membrane is: a) b)

Answer 36

a) components of the bilayer arent stuck | b) membrane make of diverse molecular components

Question 37

_____: is the messaging from cell membrane to the nucleus

Answer 37

intracellular signalling

Question 38

Long-term cellular changes require expression of ______

Answer 38

new genes in the nucleus

Question 39

name the 2 ways to alter gene expression :

Answer 39

1. genetic | 2. epigenetic

Question 40

_____: genetically altering gene expression directly on the DNA

Answer 40

transcription

Question 41

_____: changes not on the DNA directly, but changes to gene expression

Answer 41

Epigenetic

Question 42

_______: process by which one of the two copies of the X chromosome present in female mammals is inactivated.

Answer 42

x- chromosome inactivation | epigenetic change

Question 43

Give two examples of epigenetic changes

Answer 43

x chromosome inactivation histone acetylation/ deacetylation

Question 44

DNA is wrapped around a ____protein

Answer 44

histone

Question 45

_______ prevents DNA from being exposed and transcribed

Answer 45

positive charge on a histone protein

Question 46

the addition of _______ groups unwraps and exposes DNA

Answer 46

acetyl groups --> allows for transcription / expression

Question 47

__: DNA that is wrapped around histones

Answer 47

chromatin | chromosomes are just bigger that we can see

Question 48

_____: is a loose chromatin that is not tightly bounded and can be transcribed

Answer 48

euchromatin

Question 49

________ : is a chromatin that is tightly bound and cant be transcribed

Answer 49

heterochomatin

Question 50

______: helps to maintain the cell's structure and shape

Answer 50

cytoskeleton

Question 51

What are the three main networks of primary PROTEIN filaments

Answer 51

1. actin filament 2. intermediate filament 3. microtubles

Question 52

organelles can travel across ____ to get to other areas of the cell

Answer 52

microtubles

Question 53

Microtubules are composed of polymerized ______

Answer 53

tubulin (a protein)

Question 54

``` ______: participate in cell mobility cell division cytokinesis vesicle organelle movement cell shape ```

Answer 54

microfilaments

Question 55

_____ filaments are in cells that withstand mechanical stress

Answer 55

intermediate filaments

Question 56

_____ are known as prtein making factories

Answer 56

ribosomes

Question 57

After DNA is _______ to mRNA , ribosomes ____ mRNA to protein

Answer 57

transcribed Tranlate

Question 58

Ribosomes are located in the ______ and in the ____

Answer 58

cytoplasm & Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 59

___: is a network of tubules and flat vescicles interconnected with one another

Answer 59

endoplasmic reticulum

Question 60

The walls of the ER are made up of ?

Answer 60

lipid bilayers (that contain protein)

Question 61

Smooth ER fxn for the synthesis of _____

Answer 61

lipid substances

Question 62

Rough ER are ribosomes that are a combo of RNA and proteins. They FXN to synthesis ______

Answer 62

glycosylation new proteins

Question 63

addng CHO groups to proteins is called ______

Answer 63

glycosylation

Question 64

What are the two sites of glycosylation in the ER?

Answer 64

1st in the ER 2nd in the golgi apparatus --> makes the instructions more complex

Question 65

Glycosylation is the addition of a CHO to a ____

Answer 65

protein

Question 66

Without proper glycosylation, the cell doesn't know what to do with______

Answer 66

newly synthesized protein

Question 67

______: are slacked layers of thin vesicles in the golgi apparatus

Answer 67

cisternae

Question 68

_____ is known as the export system of the cell

Answer 68

golgi

Question 69

Vesicles that pinch off from the golgi apparatus form (3) : 1. 2. 3.

Answer 69

1. lysosomes 2. secretory vesicles 3. cytoplasmic components

Question 70

_______ take the pritein and enzymes to the outer cell membrane to be released

Answer 70

secretory vesicles | made from vesiscles being pinched off from the golgi apparatus

Question 71

_________: occurs whenvesiscles go to the cell membrane & through exocitosis they release what was in it

Answer 71

cell communication

Question 72

____: is the process of cellular INGESTION by which the plasma membrane folds inward to bring sub. into the cell

Answer 72

endocytosis

Question 73

Name three types of endocytosis

Answer 73

1. pinocytosis 2. receptor-mediated endocytosis 3. phagocytosis

Question 74

____: is a form of endocytosis that brings a particle into the cell by invaginating it & then suspending it within a vesicle to be fused with a lysosome

Answer 74

pinocytosis

Question 75

________ endocytosis is when a molecule binds to specialized protein receptors on the plasma membrane

Answer 75

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 76

receptors are located on small pts called ______ on the surface of cells

Answer 76

coated pits

Question 77

The inside of the membrane of the coated pits are lined with a fibrillary protein called _____

Answer 77

clathrin

Question 78

_______ endocytosis is when the receptors in the coated pit are full, the entire pit invaginates and forms a cated vesicle inside the cytoplasm

Answer 78

receptor mediated endocytosis