Rest of Study Guide 1

Question 1

______: cells absorb molecules (such as proteins) by engulfing them.

Answer 1

endocytosis

Question 2

____:small particles are brought into the cell, forming an invagination, and then suspended within small vesicles that subsequently fuse with lysosomes to hydrolyze

Answer 2

pinocytosis

Question 3

_____: inward bubbling of the plasma membrane vesciles containing protein with receptor sites

Answer 3

receptor -mediated endocytosis

Question 4

_____: cell eating

Answer 4

phagocytosis

Question 5

_____: cellular organelles that contain acid hydrolase enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris

Answer 5

lysosomes

Question 6

_____: is composed of the phospholipids of plasma membrane enclosing a large molecule that pinches off from the membrane and internalizes its contents into the cell

Answer 6

multivescular body

Question 7

____: basic unit of DNA. Sigment of 8 DNA wound around 8 histone proteins

Answer 7

nucleosomes

Question 8

The structure of DNA is a double helix with alternating ____ & ____ molecules, with a ____ base

Answer 8

alternating: phosphate & deoxyribose

nitrogen base

Question 9

What are the two purine nitrogen bases in DNA

Answer 9

Adenosine & guanine

Question 10

What are the two pyrimidine nitrogen bases in DNA

Answer 10

Thymine & cytosine

Question 11

__________ structurally define a gene. Their sequence encodes for heritable traits

Answer 11

nucleotides

Question 12

_______ Is attached to the 5’ end of DNA

Answer 12

CH3 methyl group

Question 13

______ is attached to the 3’ end of DNA

Answer 13

poly-A-tail

Question 14

___: is a protein that binds to specific DNA sequences- this controls the flow of genetic infor from the DNA

Answer 14

transcription Factor

Question 15

process called ______: constructing RNA chains using DNA genes as templates

Answer 15

transcription

Question 16

_____: enzyme that produces RNA by binding to a promotor region

Answer 16

RNA polymerase

Question 17

In what direction does elongation take place

Answer 17

5’-> 3’

Question 18

Major enzyme that is involved in intitiating transcription and polymerizing mRNA

Answer 18

RNA polymerase

binds to “promotor”

Question 19

How many mRNA molecules can be transcribed from the same DNA at the same time?

Answer 19

DNA transcription produces a single strnd of RNA

Question 20

2 factors that affect termination of transcription

Answer 20

1. Coding sequence on the DNA

2. autonomic folding and dissociation of mRNA

Question 21

_______: minostrands of mRNA that swim btw mRNA strands and ribosomes to prevent translation

Answer 21

micro RNA

Question 22

What is UTR?

Answer 22

It is the untranslated region that is associated with the 5’ end and 3’ end

Question 23

WHERE Is the anticodon located

Answer 23

tRNA

Question 24

What is the start codon? What is the amino acid associated with it?

Answer 24

AUG

methianine

Question 25

• What are the stop codons? What are the amino acids associated with it?

Answer 25

o UAA o UAG o UGA o No amino acid

Question 26

• Where would one expect to find most mutations between individuals in mRNA?

Answer 26

introns and untranslated regions

Question 27

Cell Cycle phases

Answer 27

``` o S phase: synthesis phase • DNA is replicated • Both strands replicated completely o G2 phase • DNA is pulled apart o M phase • 2 daughter cells are formed o G1: adult life o INTERPHASES • Check points • What the cell is usually in ```

Question 28

_____: • Puts all the pieces of the lagging strand together. Creates bonds

Answer 28

DNA ligase

Question 29

• What enzymes are involved in DNA proofreading?

Answer 29

DNA polymerase and DNA ligase

Question 30

Prophase

Answer 30

* Chromatin coils and supercoils * Become compact * Visible chromosomes * Paired sister chromatids

Question 31

Pro-metaphase

Answer 31

* Nuclear envelope breaks down * Microtubules appear * Connect kinetochores to the pores

Question 32

Metaphase

Answer 32

• Centromeres become aligned at cells equator | meet at the center

Question 33

anaphase

Answer 33

* Sister chromatids separate | * New daughter chromosomes begin to move toward the poles

Question 34

telpphase

Answer 34

separation and enters interphase

Question 35

• What is cytokinesis?

Answer 35

separation of the 2 new daughter cells

Question 36

_____ stem cells: have unlimited capability . Can form extraembryonic membranes and tissues, embryo itsself, and all postembryonic tissues and organs

Answer 36

totipotent stem cells "total"

Question 37

_____stem cells: capable of most, but not all, tissues of an organism

Answer 37

pluripotent | "plural"

Question 38

____stem cells: give rise to cells that have specific fxn (ex: blood stem cells)

Answer 38

multipotent

Question 39

• What are some of the major ions found in higher intracellular concentrations

Answer 39

K+, Mg+ , phosphate ions

Question 40

Name some molecules that are able to pass freely through the cell membrane

Answer 40

lipid soluble- nonpolar molecules (EX: steroid hormones: testosterone, estrogen, cortisol)

Question 41

• What is the name of the specialized channels in the cell membrane that allows water to pass through freely?

Answer 41

aquaporins

Question 42

Why can’t ions pass through aquaporins

Answer 42

water soluble ions have a "hydration shell" | shell is too large to pass through the channel

Question 43

• What are two common mechanisms for Na+ ions to travel across the membrane through Na+ channels?

Answer 43

``` ligand gated (chemicaly gated) voltage gated ```

Question 44

____diffusion : diffusion occurs through a carrier, not an open pore

Answer 44

facilitated

Question 45

• What is the specific name of the carrier protein in the insulin-glucose

Answer 45

GLUT 4

Question 46

• In the facilitated diffusion of glucose, insulin signaling to cells promotes what process that inserts carrier proteins into the cell membrane?

Answer 46

membrane trafficking

Question 47

__: o Diffusion of water caused by a concentration difference of water

Answer 47

osmosis

Question 48

• What would happen to your red blood cells if you received an IV of distilled water

Answer 48

bc hypotonic

Question 49

_____: cells that detect changes in plasma osmolarity

Answer 49

osmoreceptors

Question 50

how do osmoreceptors work

Answer 50

o When plasma has low water concentration, osmoreceptor-containing cells lose water to hypertonic blood, deforms the cell o Signals the release of ADH

Question 51

• What is the name of the hormone secreted that tells the kidneys to conserve urine? Where is it secreted from?

Answer 51

ADH from posterior pituitary