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T2 - Cell Physio Midterm 1 > Transcription and translation > Flashcards

Transcription and translation Flashcards

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1
Q

Which cellular molec. are the units of inheritance

A

DNA

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2
Q

A gene discribes a bunch of different _____ of how genetic information can be expressed

A

possibilities

a gene is not a definite thing

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3
Q

cells with nucleus contain ______

A

genetic codes

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4
Q

Name two gene expression controllers

A
  1. organization and specialization of our cells

2. constant changes that must take place within each cell

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5
Q

______________ of our cells to develop into tissues, organs and systems with specific characteristics is a gene expression controler

A

organization and specialization

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6
Q

____________ that must take place within each cell to adapt to our NRG needs and resources is a gene expression controller

A

constant changes

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7
Q

The strands of double helix are composed of alternating _______ & ____ molec

A

phosphate & deoxyribose molecules

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8
Q

The nitrogen bases are attached to the strands help together by ______

A

hydrogen bonds

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9
Q

Name the two purine nitrogen bases

A

adenine & guanine

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10
Q

Name the two pyrimidine nitrogen bases

A

thymine & cytosine

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11
Q

Adenine (purine) binds to ____

A

thymine (pyrimindine)

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12
Q

Guanine (purine) binds to ___

A

cytosine (pyrimidine)

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13
Q

_______ is the enzyme that unwinds the genes

A

helicase

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14
Q

A ________ is the basic unit of DNA packaging, consisting of a segment of DNA wound in sequence around eight histone protein cores.

A

nucleosomes

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15
Q

________: nucleotide base pair sequences are the encoding units of heritable traits

A

gene

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16
Q

_______ is the enzyme that exposes nucleosomes

A

helicase

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17
Q

_________ binds to a promotor sequence along with combinations of specific transcription factors (initiation)

A

RNA Polymerase

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18
Q

RNA polymerase binds to a promotor sequence along with combination of specific _______

A

transcription factors

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19
Q

Name of transcription initiating RNA polymerass

A

TATA

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20
Q

def; __________: copying of DNA into mRNA in gene expression

A

transcription

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21
Q

def: ______: a protein that binds to speficic DNA sequences, thereby controlling the flow of genetic info from DNA to RNA

A

transcription factor

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22
Q

The combination of ______ affect the exression of our genes

A

transcription factors

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23
Q

The combination of _____ activity in development determines how the zygote divides and differentiate into specialized cell types

A

transcription factors

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24
Q

after “initiation” there is _____

A

elongation

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25
Q

After initation, transcription procedds along different stretches of DNA to make _____

A

mRNA

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26
Q

________ is the act of transcription making mRNA

A

elongation

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27
Q

mRNA adds at the ___’ end of the growing RNA chain

A

3’

28
Q

Step 4: _______: RNA polymerase ceases activity, dissociates from the DNA. 1 mRNA strand is produced, and complimentary DNA strands re-associate

A

termination

29
Q

The end produce after termination is :

A

1 mRNA strand is produced

Complimentary DNA stands re-associate

30
Q

_____: is a specific type of ribonucleic acid

A

mRNA

31
Q

Name three ways that RNA differs from DNA

A
  1. single strand
  2. pyrimidine Uracil is substituted for thymine
  3. One more hydroxyl group (OH) on C2
32
Q

Where is the the additional OH group on RNA ?

A

C2

33
Q

Does RNA or DNA have an additional OH group?

A

RNA (on C2)

34
Q

Name the 4 types of RNA

A

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
microRNA/siRNA

35
Q

RNA made from transcription

A

mRNA

36
Q

______ binds to mRNA codons and carry aa

A

tRNA

37
Q

tRNA binds to mRNA ____ and carry aa

A

codons

38
Q

_______ comprise over half of a ribosome, provide a site for translation

A

rRNA

39
Q

______ are mini strands of mRNA that swim their way btw mRNA strands and ribosomes to prevent translation

A

microRNA /siRNA

used as a regulatr to sabatage translation

40
Q

The nuclear mRNA created from transcription is called __

A

pre-mRNA

still needs modification

41
Q

Name of the part of DNA that can be coded

A

exon

42
Q

Name of the part of a pre-mRNA that can not be coded

A

intron

43
Q

What is the difference btw pre-mRNA and mRNA

A

introns

44
Q

Enzyme complexes called _____cleave out portions of mRNA that will not be translated to protein

A

spliceosomes

45
Q

The fxn of spliceosomes

A

the cleave out introns from pre-mRNA

46
Q

The final mRNA is taken to the cytoplasm to be translated through a process called ____

A

translocation

47
Q

what allows for different splice varients to be created from the same DNA sequence

A

splicing off specific introns and exons

48
Q

The poly(a) tail is at what end ?

A

3’

49
Q

Five prime cap is at what end ?

A

5’

50
Q

fxn of five prime cap & poly(a) tail

A
  1. translocation
  2. mRNA stability
  3. protection for nuclease in the cell
  4. the initiation of translation
51
Q

For protein translation the mRNA meets tRNA at the ____

A

Ribosome

mostly rRNA

52
Q

Where does protein translation take place?

A

cytoplasm

  • near ER
53
Q

trinucleotide sequences on tRNA are called ___

A

anti-codon

54
Q

trinucleotide sequences on a mRNA are called?

A

codon

55
Q

mRNA begins translation at ____codon

A

AUG

56
Q

translation is done __’ to ____’

A

5 to 3

57
Q

codon and anticodons have _____bonds

A

phosphate

58
Q

final product after translation?

A

protein

59
Q

the ______ aa will always stay connected to the tRNA

A

newest aa

60
Q

each new aa is added to the _________

A

tRNA

61
Q

After translation is completed and proteins are folled, they are further processed in ___ & ____

A

ER and golgi aparatus

62
Q

protein conformation and fxn are constantly being modified by _______

A

phosphorylation state

63
Q

_____ is the codon where protein begins

A

ATG

CCA = where it ends

64
Q

What are the molec. that carry out the function of information within the cells

A

ribosomes

65
Q

What is the central dogma?

A

DNA –> RNA –> Protein

T2 - Cell Physio Midterm 1 (4 decks)

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