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T2 - Cell Physio Midterm 1 > Transcription and translation > Flashcards

Transcription and translation Flashcards

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1
Q

Which cellular molec. are the units of inheritance

A

DNA

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2
Q

A gene discribes a bunch of different _____ of how genetic information can be expressed

A

possibilities

a gene is not a definite thing

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3
Q

cells with nucleus contain ______

A

genetic codes

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4
Q

Name two gene expression controllers

A
  1. organization and specialization of our cells

2. constant changes that must take place within each cell

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5
Q

______________ of our cells to develop into tissues, organs and systems with specific characteristics is a gene expression controler

A

organization and specialization

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6
Q

____________ that must take place within each cell to adapt to our NRG needs and resources is a gene expression controller

A

constant changes

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7
Q

The strands of double helix are composed of alternating _______ & ____ molec

A

phosphate & deoxyribose molecules

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8
Q

The nitrogen bases are attached to the strands help together by ______

A

hydrogen bonds

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9
Q

Name the two purine nitrogen bases

A

adenine & guanine

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10
Q

Name the two pyrimidine nitrogen bases

A

thymine & cytosine

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11
Q

Adenine (purine) binds to ____

A

thymine (pyrimindine)

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12
Q

Guanine (purine) binds to ___

A

cytosine (pyrimidine)

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13
Q

_______ is the enzyme that unwinds the genes

A

helicase

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14
Q

A ________ is the basic unit of DNA packaging, consisting of a segment of DNA wound in sequence around eight histone protein cores.

A

nucleosomes

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15
Q

________: nucleotide base pair sequences are the encoding units of heritable traits

A

gene

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16
Q

_______ is the enzyme that exposes nucleosomes

A

helicase

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17
Q

_________ binds to a promotor sequence along with combinations of specific transcription factors (initiation)

A

RNA Polymerase

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18
Q

RNA polymerase binds to a promotor sequence along with combination of specific _______

A

transcription factors

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19
Q

Name of transcription initiating RNA polymerass

A

TATA

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20
Q

def; __________: copying of DNA into mRNA in gene expression

A

transcription

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21
Q

def: ______: a protein that binds to speficic DNA sequences, thereby controlling the flow of genetic info from DNA to RNA

A

transcription factor

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22
Q

The combination of ______ affect the exression of our genes

A

transcription factors

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23
Q

The combination of _____ activity in development determines how the zygote divides and differentiate into specialized cell types

A

transcription factors

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24
Q

after “initiation” there is _____

A

elongation

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25
After initation, transcription procedds along different stretches of DNA to make _____
mRNA
26
________ is the act of transcription making mRNA
elongation
27
mRNA adds at the ___' end of the growing RNA chain
3'
28
Step 4: _______: RNA polymerase ceases activity, dissociates from the DNA. 1 mRNA strand is produced, and complimentary DNA strands re-associate
termination
29
The end produce after termination is :
1 mRNA strand is produced Complimentary DNA stands re-associate
30
_____: is a specific type of ribonucleic acid
mRNA
31
Name three ways that RNA differs from DNA
1. single strand 2. pyrimidine Uracil is substituted for thymine 3. One more hydroxyl group (OH) on C2
32
Where is the the additional OH group on RNA ?
C2
33
Does RNA or DNA have an additional OH group?
RNA (on C2)
34
Name the 4 types of RNA
mRNA tRNA rRNA microRNA/siRNA
35
RNA made from transcription
mRNA
36
______ binds to mRNA codons and carry aa
tRNA
37
tRNA binds to mRNA ____ and carry aa
codons
38
_______ comprise over half of a ribosome, provide a site for translation
rRNA
39
______ are mini strands of mRNA that swim their way btw mRNA strands and ribosomes to prevent translation
microRNA /siRNA | used as a regulatr to sabatage translation
40
The nuclear mRNA created from transcription is called __
pre-mRNA | still needs modification
41
Name of the part of DNA that can be coded
exon
42
Name of the part of a pre-mRNA that can not be coded
intron
43
What is the difference btw pre-mRNA and mRNA
introns
44
Enzyme complexes called _____cleave out portions of mRNA that will not be translated to protein
spliceosomes
45
The fxn of spliceosomes
the cleave out introns from pre-mRNA
46
The final mRNA is taken to the cytoplasm to be translated through a process called ____
translocation
47
what allows for different splice varients to be created from the same DNA sequence
splicing off specific introns and exons
48
The poly(a) tail is at what end ?
3'
49
Five prime cap is at what end ?
5'
50
fxn of five prime cap & poly(a) tail
1. translocation 2. mRNA stability 3. protection for nuclease in the cell 4. the initiation of translation
51
For protein translation the mRNA meets tRNA at the ____
Ribosome | mostly rRNA
52
Where does protein translation take place?
cytoplasm - near ER
53
trinucleotide sequences on tRNA are called ___
anti-codon
54
trinucleotide sequences on a mRNA are called?
codon
55
mRNA begins translation at ____codon
AUG
56
translation is done __' to ____'
5 to 3
57
codon and anticodons have _____bonds
phosphate
58
final product after translation?
protein
59
the ______ aa will always stay connected to the tRNA
newest aa
60
each new aa is added to the _________
tRNA
61
After translation is completed and proteins are folled, they are further processed in ___ & ____
ER and golgi aparatus
62
protein conformation and fxn are constantly being modified by _______
phosphorylation state
63
_____ is the codon where protein begins
ATG | CCA = where it ends
64
What are the molec. that carry out the function of information within the cells
ribosomes
65
What is the central dogma?
DNA --> RNA --> Protein

T2 - Cell Physio Midterm 1 (4 decks)

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