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Marine Science > Ch 2.1-2.2 Test > Flashcards

Ch 2.1-2.2 Test Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

density

A

mass of a given volume of substance

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2
Q

Do higher temperatures increase or decrease density?

A

decrease

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3
Q

Earth is ___% water and ____% land

A

70, 30

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4
Q

The largest deepest ocean

A

Pacific Ocean

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5
Q

Half the size of the largest ocean, relatively small

A

Atlantic Ocean

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6
Q

mostly in the Southern Hemisphere

A

Indian ocean

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7
Q

Permanent layer of sea ice, very small compared to the other oceans

A

Artic Ocean

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8
Q

Defined as a meeting of currents

A

Southern/Antarctic Ocean

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9
Q

What are major differences between a sea and a ocean?

A
  • the sea is smaller and shallower than the ocean
  • sea is composed of saltwater
  • sea is somewhat enclosed by water
  • sea is directly connected to world oceans
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10
Q

The deepest depth in the world and oceans?

A

Mariana Trench

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11
Q

How many feet below sea level is the Mariana trench?

A

11,022 meters; 36,161 feet

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12
Q

Who were the first two people to dive to the Mariana Trench? What was the name of the submarine they used?

A

Lt. Don Walsh and Jacques Piccard; Trieste

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13
Q

What year did the first two people dive to the Mariana Trench?

A

1960

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14
Q

What year did the famous filmmaker James Cameron make his solo dive to the Mariana Trench? What was the name of his submarine

A

2012; Deepsea Challenger

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15
Q

What is the tallest mountain on Earth from base to top? How many total feet?

A

Maunakea; 9,632 meters

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16
Q

Where is he Maunakea mountain located?

A

Hawaii

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17
Q

Which is greater the deepest depth or the tallest mountain?

A

the deepest depth

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18
Q

marine habit

A

the natural habitat where marine organisms live.

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19
Q

Why do geological processes have an influence on marine habitats?

A

geological processes sculpt the shoreline, determine water depth, and create new islands and underwater mountains.

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20
Q

When the young Earth was molten, where did the densest material flow? Where did the lighter materials flow

A

The densest material flowed toward the center of the planet. Lighter materials flowed to the surface.

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21
Q

Inner core

A

center of the earth, solid, iron

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22
Q

Outer Core

A

center of the earth, outer layer of the core, liquid, iron and nickel

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23
Q

mantle

A

very hot, flows like a liquid, middle of the earth between the core and the crust

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24
Q

crust

A

outermost layer, thin, ridgid skin

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25
Why do the continents float on the mantle?
Continents float on the mantle because continental crusts are composed of the same low density material
26
The oceanic crust is composed of
basalt
27
the continental crust is composed of
granite
28
Density of oceanic crust
3.0 g/cm^3
29
Density of continental crust
2.7 g/cm^3
30
Thickness of oceanic crust
5 km
31
Thickness of continental crust
20 to 50 km
32
Geological age of oceanic crust
young
33
Geological age of continental crust
old
34
color of oceanic crust
dark
35
color of continental crust
light
36
Main materials in Oceanic Crust
iron and magnesium
37
Main materials in Continental Crust
sodium, potassium, calcium, and aluminim
38
lithosphere
the rigid outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle.
39
the lithosphere is found in ___ major plates. These plates are mobile and move.
7
40
mid ocean ridges
- Mountain ranges of the deep. Volcanic in origin, only rises above sea level in a few places (Iceland).
41
faults
Displacement of a ridge to one side or the other. Earthquakes are common here.
42
trenches
narrow, steep sided, and deep. Common in the Pacific basin
43
What are earthquakes associated with?
Plate boundaries.
44
What are volcanoes associated with?
trenches
45
Age of Ocean Floor(seafloor rock) Core samples:
sediment by the ridge/rises are younger and thin. By the trenches, the sediment is older and thick.
46
Radiometric dating:
land rocks old and ocean rocks relatively new.
47
The age of seafloor rock and the layer of sediment, both ___ (increase, decrease) the farther distance from the ridge
increase
48
Lava and magma are high in ______
magnetite
49
What is thought to be the cause of the magnetic reversals?
Changes in the motion of material in the ironrich outer core of the Earth
50
How are the magnetic striped formed?
These magnetic particles will align in a direction parallel to the existing magnetic field at the time since they are fluid and have movement. Then at a certain temperature(~580 °C) they become “frozen” in that particular position; not changing their direction.
51
Basalt
the rock type of oceanic crust has very high concentrations of magnetite.
52
Each time the earth reversed its magnetic field, it was recorded in the _____ (0ceanic, continental) crust.
oceanic
53
* Rifts –
– large cracks in the seafloor caused by the separation of ocean crust. Occurs at midoceans ridges
54
* What is sea-floor spreading?
Lateral movement of oceanic lithosphere. New seafloor is created here.
55
How does sea-floor spreading work?
Magma reaches the surface at a spreading center (rift valley, center of the ridge/rise), cools and solidifies to become new crust. * Crust moves laterally as the lithosphere is carried on the low-density molten material of the asthenosphere. * Eventually this crust is recycled back into the mantle at a trench location.
56
Spreading center
ridges are also called spreading centers.
57
What are the “plates” of plate tectonics composed of?
Lithosphere
58
What is the asthenosphere?
The “plastic” layer of the mantle. Denser and has a fluid-like behavior.
59
How does plate separation occur?
Through convection cells
60
Convection Cells:
Currents of low-density molten material (magma) in the asthenosphere rising up to the lithosphere, running along underneath it, then cooling and sinking back down.
61
How fast do plates separate?
2 to 18 cm per year, depending on location.
62
Where is old lithosphere destroyed, or “recycled” back to the mantel?
At deep-ocean trenches
63
Why do earthquakes and volcanoes form at these locations?
Large slabs of lithosphere are colliding, with one sinking below another. This movement causes earthquakes and as the sinking plate begins to melt in the much hotter mantle, the molten material, which is less dense, rises to form volcanoes on the Earth’s surface.
64
What two types of plate collisions can produce a trench?
Oceanic to oceanic & oceanic to continental
65
Why does an oceanic plate always subduct beneath a continental plate?
It is more dense; basalt(oceanic) is denser that granite(continental).
66
Why is continental rock so much older than oceanic?
Due to it being less dense than oceanic, it does not get recycled back into the mantel.
67
What forms when an oceanic plate subducts beneath a continental plate?
Trenches and volcanic continental arcs(volcanic mountain ranges that form on the continental plate).
68
What forms when an oceanic plate subducts beneath another oceanic plate?
Trenches and volcanic island arcs(a system of volcanic island that forms above the nonsubducting plate). * Ex. Islands arcs systems such as the Aleutian Islands or the Philippines.
69
Which plate subducts in oceanic to oceanic?
The older plate. Higher density due to a longer accumulation of sediment.
70
Why is a trench NOT formed when two continental plates collide?
Neither plate subducts due to similar densities.
71
What geological feature is formed when two continetal plates collide?
Uplifting of a mountain range is created. Crust rises.
72
Can two continental plates collision form a volcano?
No, no subduction
73
Describe a shear/transform boundary
Transform boundaries occur when there is a horizontal sliding along two plate boundaries.
74
How do shear/transform boundary differ from separating and colliding boundaries?
Material is neither created(as at divergent, separating boundaries) or destroyed(as at colliding boundaries)
75
Are transform/shear boundaries found in oceans?
Transform plate boundaries are also found in the oceans. They divide mid-ocean ridges into segments.
76
Why do earthquakes occur at shear boundaries?
Earthquakes caused by the plates sliding past each other.
77
What type of boundary is the least intense earthquake?
divergent
78
What type of boundary is the most intense earthquake?
– convergent boundaries where subduction occurs and sometimes transform/shear
79
Slab Pull Theory
Plates separate at mid-ocean ridges. Magma rises at these ridges, cools becoming denser. Eventually this cold, dense lithosphere sinks back into the mantle, pulling the slab of lithosphere
80
The western coast of North America is a classic example of ______.
transform/shear boundary
81
Which distinctive feature is found at a subduction zone?
ocean trenches, volcanos, and mountains
82
The transform plate boundary divides two plates that are moving in the ______ direction
opposite
83
oceanic to continental creates
trenches, volcanic mountain ranges
84
oceanic to oceanic creates
trenches and volcanic islands
85
continental to continental creates
mountain ranges

Marine Science (11 decks)

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