Ch 21 Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
tumor that elaborates androgens, androgens and estrogens, and/or corticosteroids
A
leydig cell tumors
2
Q
OCT3/4 and PLAP mutations
A
embryonal carcinoma
3
Q
chronic, persistent, painful cystitis in women age 30-40
A
hunner ulcer (interstitial cystitis)
4
Q
associated w/ taking anti tumor drug cyclophosphamide and associated w/ adenovirus
A
hemorrhagic cystitis
5
Q
positive for cytokeratin and CD30 and negative for KIT
A
embryonal carcinoma
6
Q
most common benign prostatic dz in men > 50
A
BPH
7
Q
grade 1 vs grade 5 glandular pattern of differentiation
A
grade 1: most well differentiated tumor
grade 5: no glandular differentiation, tumor cells infiltrating stroma
8
Q
demographic bowenoid dz
A
sexually active adults (younger than bowen)
9
Q
amplification of 8q24 locus containing MYC oncogene
A
prostate cancer
10
Q
infection of glans and prepuce
A
balanoposthitis
11
Q
small red painful mass above external urethral meatus prone to ulceration and bleeding
A
urethral caruncle
12
Q
common pairings of mixed tumors
A
teratoma + embryonal carcinoma + yolk sac tumor
seminoma + embryonal carcinoma
embryonal carcinoma + teratoma
13
Q
most common type of germ cell tumor
A
seminomas of testes
14
Q
accumulation of lymph in the tunica vaginalis
A
chylocele
15
Q
syncytiotrophoblasts and cytotrophoblasts
A
choriocarcinoma
16
Q
accumulation of serous fluid in the tunica vaginalis
A
hydrocele
17
Q
CAG repeats
A
prostate cancer
18
Q
yellow mucosal plaques in bladder w/ foamy macrophages w/ multinucleated giant cells and lymphocytes
A
malakoplakia
19
Q
most common testicular tumor in infants and children up to 3 years of age
A
yolk sac tumor
20
Q
gleason score 4+3=7
A
moderately to poorly differentiated
21
Q
gleason score 3+4=7
A
moderately differentiated
22
Q
5-10cm in diameter tumor, heterogenous w/ solid and cystic areas
A
teratoma
23
Q
crystalloids of renke
A
leydig cell tumors
24
Q
most aggressive non seminomatous germ cell tumor
A
choriocarcinoma
25
what tumors arise in prostate de novo or after hormone therapy
adenosquamous or squamous cancer
26
tx for testicular torsion
orchiopexy
27
dilated vein in spermatic cord
vericocele
28
complete or partial failure of intra-abdominal testes to descend into scrotal sac
cryptorchidism
29
most common tx for localized prostate cancer
radical prostatectomy
30
shiny red, velvety plaques on glans penis in men
CIS of penis
31
most common form of cancer in men
adenocarcinoma of the prostate
32
prognosis of seminomas
best prognosis: 95% w/ stage 1 or 2 can be cured
33
compare proximal vs distal primary carcinomas of the urethra
proximal: similar to tumors in the bladder
distal: squamous cell carcinoma
34
autoimmune dz causing granulomas in spermatic tubules and moderately tender testicular mass of sudden onset
granulomatous (autoimmune) orchitis
35
orifice of prepuce is too small to permit normal retraction of penis
phimosis
36
tx for cryptorchidism
orchiopexy (placement of tests in scrotal sac)
37
dysplastic cells w/ large hyperchromatic nuclei in histo of penis
CIS of penis
38
which demographics have what lengths of CAG repeats and what is their risk for prostate cancer
- African Americans: shortest length (highest risk)
- caucasians: intermediate length
- Asian: longest length (lowest risk)
39
demographics teratomas
any age (infancy to adult)
40
fibrotic inflammatory process encasing the retroperitoneal structures and causing hydronephrosis
sclerosing retroperitoneal fibrosis
41
osteoblastic mets in skeletal survey
prostate cancer
42
30% of white men older than 50 have____
BPH
43
nodular hyperplasia in BPH occurs in the ___
transition zone
44
KIT and BAK mutations
germ cell tumors of testes
45
demographic embryonal carcinoma
20-30 y/os
46
AFP biomarker
yolk sac tumor
47
germ line mutations in BRCA2 and HOXB13
prostate cancer
48
elevated PSA levels
prostate cancer
49
HCG biomarker
choriocarcinoma
50
nongonococcal urethritis causes
chlamydia
| mycoplasma
51
sx of cystitis
frequency
suprapubic pain
dysuria
52
multiple reddish brown papular lesions on shaft of penis and scrotum
bowen dz
53
hypermethylation of GSTP1 gene (downregulating it)
prostate cancer
54
cambium layer in bladder
embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma
55
isochromosome 12p and express OCT3/4 and NANOG
germ cell tumors of testes and seminomas
56
most prostate tumors are what kind of tumor
adenocarcinomas
57
sx acute bacterial prostatitis
fever
chills
dysuria
tender and boggy prostate on DRE
58
firm, small, homogenous grey-white to yellow surface, cells arranged in trabeculae that form cordlike structures
sertoli cell tumors
59
gleason score 2-6
well-differentiated tumors with excellent prognosis
60
produce bulky masses, sometimes 10x size of testes
seminomas
61
most commonly caused by indwelling catheters
polypoid cystitis
62
schiller-duval bodies
yolk sac tumor
63
histo: clear or watery cytoplasm, large central pale nucleus, one or two prominent nucleoli
seminoma
64
most important association w/ germ cell testicular tumors
cryptorchidism
65
testicular swelling, gynecomastia, sexual precocity
leydig cell tumors
66
define the staging of prostate cancer in relation to therapy
T1: incidentally found cancer
T2: organ-confined cancer
T3a: extra-prostatic extension with seminal vesicle invasion
T3b: extra-prostatic extension without seminal vesicle invasion
T4: direct invasion of continuous organs
67
familial predisposition for germ cell tumors of testes
4x higher in fathers and sons of pts
| 8-10x higher in brothers
68
most common tumor to secondarily involve the prostate
urothelial cancer
69
thickened epithelium covering papillary projections
papillary urothelial neoplasia of low malignant potential (PUNLMP)
70
small cystic accumulation of semen in dilated efferent ducts or ducts of rete testes
spermatocele
71
obliterative endarteritis w/ perviascular cuffs of lymphocytes and plasma cells in the testes
diffuse interstitial inflammatory manifestation of syphilis
72
demographics for seminomas of testes
30s, never in infants
73
carcinoma in situ of penis that never develops into invasive carcinoma and oftentimes regress spontaneously
bowenoid papulosis
74
benign sexually transmitted wart caused by HPV 6 and sometimes HPV 11
condyloma accuminatum
75
carcinoma in situ of the penis that transforms into infiltrating squamous cell carcinoma in 10% pts
bowen dz
76
lesions on glans or inner surface of prepuce of penis due to HPV 16 and sometimes HPV 18
invasive squamous cell carcinoma of penis
77
lymphatic spread of prostate cancer
lymphatics --> obturator nodes --> para-aortic nodes
78
polypoid projection in urothelium of bladder
polypoid cystitis
79
tumors extending through tunica albuginea into epididymus or cord
embryonal carcinoma
80
most common benign paratesticular tumor
adenomatoid tumor
81
activating mutations HRAS oncogene
urothelial tumor
82
dense cords of hyaline CT outlined by prominent bM on histo
cryptorchidism
83
staging of germ cell tumors of testes
1: confined to testes, epididymus, or spermatic cord
2: distant spread confined to retroperitoneal nodes below diaphragm
3: mets outside retroperitoneal nodes or above diaphragm
84
causes of balanoposthitis
candida albicans
anaerobic bacteria
garnerella
pyogenic bacteria
85
tumors associated w/ testicular dysgenesis syndrome
germ cell tumor of testes
86
nonencapuslated, homogenous, yellow-white mucinous appearance, lacelike network of cells
yolk sac tumor
87
chromosomal rearrangements that put ETS next to TMPRSS2 promoter
prostate cancer
88
prognosis of yolk sac tumor
very good
89
rare neoplasms comprised of mixture of germ cells and gonadal stromal elements
gonadoblastoma
90
stems from acquired phagocytic dysfunction and arises in setting of chronic bacterial infection of bladder
malakoplakia
91
most aggressive variant of prostate cancer
small cell cancer (neuroendocrine)
92
"colloid carcinoma of the prostate"
mucinous prostate cancer
93
compare where gonorrhea, TB, and syphilis affect in the male repro system
gonorrhea and TC: epididymus
| syphilis: testes
94
two manifestations of syphilis
1) gummas
| 2) diffuse interstitial inflammation (causes obliterative endarteritis)
95
flat urothelial tumor is also called
CIS
96
most common form of prostatitis seen today
chronic abacterial
97
opening on dorsal side of penis
epispadias
98
PCA3 biomarker
prostate cancer
99
lactate dehydrogenase biomarker
germ cell tumors of testes
100
hyperemia of mucosa and neutrophilic infiltrate
acute cystitis
101
response of seminomas to radiation
highly responsive
102
clinical triad of reactive arthritis
arthritis
conjunctivitis
urethritis
103
instillation of BCG within bladder for sx of superficial bladder CA causes _____
granulomatous prostatitis
104
testicular tumor w/ higher propensity for CNS involvement
testicular lymphoma
105
majority of potentially treatable prostate cancer detected on needle biopsy as a result of screening have what gleason scoring
6 and 7
106
most common tumor in men aged 15-34
germ cell tumor of testes
107
originate from precursor lesion called intratubular germ cell neoplasia (ITCGN)
germ cell tumors of testes
108
prostate cancer arises in the ____
peripheral zone
109
opening on ventral side of penis
hypospadias
110
accumulation of blood in the tunica vaginalis
hematocele
111
lesions in testes of atypical primordial germ cells w/ large nuclei and clear cytoplasm
germ cell tumors of testes
112
sx of urothelial tumor
```
painless hematuria***
also sometimes:
- frequency
- urgency
- dysuria
```
113
brunn nests
cystitis cystica/cystitis glandularis
114
loss of genetic material on chromosome 9 (tumor suppressor genes CDKN2A, PTCH, TSC1)
urothelial tumor
115
demographic for granulomatous (autoimmune) orchitis
middle age
116
most common form of testicular neoplasm in men older than 60
non-hodgkin lymphoma causing testicular lymphoma
117
gain of function mutation FGFR3
low grade papillary urothelial tumor
118
michaelis-gutmann bodies in macrophages
malakoplakia
119
carcinogens present in charred red meats, lycopenes (tomatoes), soy products, vitamin D
--> all increase risk for ____
prostate cancer
120
PTEN tumor suppressor deletions
prostate cancer
121
well-circumscribed, pale, fleshy, homogenous mass in testes devoid of hemorrhage or necrosis
seminomas
122
gleason score 8-10
poorly to undifferentiated tumors w/ aggressive biologies, less likely to be cured
123
most common cause painless testicular enlargement
germ cell tumors of testes
124
demographics and typical organisms for nonspecific epididymitis and orchitis
sexually active men < 35: chlamydia and gonorrhea
men > 35: E. coli
uncommon in children, but when it happens it's associated w/ a congenital genitourinary abnormality w/ infection w/ gram - rods
125
pt presents with low back pain, dysuria, perineal and suprapubic discomfort
chronic bacterial prostatitis
