Ch 23. Digestive System, Part 1-GI Tract

Question 1

GI Tract contains:

Answer 1

Esophagus, large intestine, oral cavity, pharynx, small intestinve & stomach

Question 2

Accessory organs contain:

Answer 2

Gallbaldder, Liver, Pancreas & Salivary glands

Question 3

Physically preparing food for digestion; includes chewing, churning food in stomach, and segmentation in the intestines, & Occurs primarily in the mouth, stomach and intestines.,

Answer 3

Mechanical digestion

Question 4

Taking food into the mouth &Normally occurs only in the mouth

Answer 4

Ingestion

Question 5

Movement of food through the alimentary canal & Occurs throughout the alimentary canal.

Answer 5

Propulsion

Question 6

Transport of digested end products from the lumen of the alimentary canal into the blood and lymph capillaries, Occurs mainly in the small intestine, although some occurs in the stomach and large intestine

Answer 6

Absorption

Question 7

Series of steps in which complex food molecules are broken down to their chemical building blocks in enzyme catalyzed reactions & Occurs in the mouth and stomach, but the duodenum is the most important site

Answer 7

Chemical digestion

Question 8

Elimination of indigestible substances from the body as feces, & Occurs at the anus

Answer 8

Defecation

Question 9

What term is used for the alternate waves of contraction and relaxation of muscles in the organ walls, which propels food through the GI tract?

Answer 9

Peristalsis

Question 10

Serous membrane of the abdominal cavity

Answer 10

Peritoneum

Question 11

Covers the surface of abdominal organs.

Answer 11

Visceral peritoneum

Question 12

Lines the inner wall of the abdominal cavity

Answer 12

Parietal peritoneum

Question 13

Located between the two layers of the peritoneum

Answer 13

Peritoneal cavity

Question 14

An “apron” of peritoneum that drapes down from the greater curvature of the stomach over the intestines, then rises to attach to the transverse colon.

Answer 14

Greater omentum

Question 15

Extends from the underside of the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach.

Answer 15

Lesser omentum

Question 16

Attaches anterior surface of liver to anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm.

Answer 16

Falciform ligament

Question 17

Anchors the sigmoid colon to the posterior pelvic wall.

Answer 17

Sigmoid mesocolon

Question 18

Anchors the transverse colon to the posterior abdominal wall.

Answer 18

Transverse mesocolon

Question 19

A sheet of peritoneum that connects the jejunum and ileum to the posterior abdominal wall.

Answer 19

Mesentery proper

Question 20

Secondarily retroperitoneal:

Answer 20

Ascending colon, desecending colon, pancreas, duodenum, and rectum

Question 21

Layer of connective tissue containing major blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerve fibers.

Answer 21

Submucosa

Question 22

Contains a lining epithelium, a lamina propria, and a muscularis mucosae.

Answer 22

Mucosa

Question 23

A layer of visceral peritoneum on the surface of the organ.

Answer 23

Serosa

Question 24

Generally consists of a circular layer and a longitudinal layer of smooth muscle.

Answer 24

Muscularis externa

Question 25

Contains the submucosal nerve plexus.

Answer 25

Submucosa

Question 26

Contains the myenteric nerve plexus.

Answer 26

Muscularis externa

Question 27

List the four layers in the correct order from innermost to outermost.

Answer 27

Mucusoa, Submucosa, Muscularis externa & Serosa

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT part of the alimentary canal?

Answer 28

Nasopharynx

Question 29

The opening between the oral cavity and the oropharynx is called the:

Answer 29

Fauces

Question 30

Which type of epithelium lines the lower portions of the pharynx and the esophagus?

Answer 30

Stratified squamous

Question 31

What type of muscle is in the walls of the pharynx and upper esophagus?

Answer 31

skeletal muscle

Question 32

What type of muscle is in the walls of the pharynx and upper esophagus?

Answer 32

smoothe muscle & skeletal muscle

Question 33

What type of muscle is in the walls of the lower esophagus?

Answer 33

smoothe muscle

Question 34

The esophagus passes:

Answer 34

posterior to both the trachea and heart

Question 35

What valve is located at the lower end of the esophagus where it enters the stomach?

Answer 35

Cardiac sphincter

Question 36

Region above and to the left of where the esophagus enters the stomach.

Answer 36

Fundus

Question 37

Region that leads to the duodenum.

Answer 37

Pyloric region

Question 38

Large, central portion of the stomach.

Answer 38

body

Question 39

Region surrounding the entry point of the esophagus.

Answer 39

Cardia

Question 40

Right side of stomach.

Answer 40

Lesser curvature

Question 41

Left side of stomach.

Answer 41

Greater curvature

Question 42

Folds in the wall of the stomach lining.

Answer 42

Rugae

Question 43

Valve between the stomach and duodenum.

Answer 43

Pyloric sphincter

Question 44

Hormone-secreting cells scattered throughout the epithelial layer that release gastrin.

Answer 44

Enteroendocrine cells

Question 45

Gastric gland cells that secrete pepsinogen.

Answer 45

Chief (zymogenic) cells

Question 46

Mucus-secreting cells in the upper ends of the gastric glands.

Answer 46

Mucous neck cells

Question 47

Cells that divide to replace the epithelial lining of the stomach every 3-7 days.

Answer 47

Undifferentiated stem cells

Question 48

Cells that produce hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor.

Answer 48

Parietal cells

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT a function of the stomach?

Answer 49

absorption of carbohydrates

Question 50

What type of epithelium lines the stomach?

Answer 50

simple columnar

Question 51

What is the function of intrinsic factor?

Answer 51

needed for absorption of vitamin B12

Question 52

Which feature of the stomach wall helps protect it against gastric acid?

Answer 52

a thick coating of bicarbonate-rich mucus covering the lining

Question 53

How is the muscularis externa of the stomach different from that in other parts of the GI tract?

Answer 53

It has three layers, including an extra oblique layer internal to the other two.

Question 54

Duodenum:

Answer 54

Pyloric sphincter, hepatopancreatic ampulla, glands that secrete alkaline mucus & secondarily retroperitoneal

Question 55

Jejunum:

Answer 55

Forms superior left portion

Question 56

Ileum:

Answer 56

Peyer's patches, forms inferior right portion, & joins to first part of large intestine

Question 57

Cells that secrete mucus to protect the intestinal lining.

Answer 57

Goblet cells

Question 58

Cells specialized to take up nutrients from the lumen and make chylomicrons.

Answer 58

Absorptive cells

Question 59

Glands that secrete an alkaline mucus to neutralize acid in the incoming chyme.

Answer 59

Duodenal glands

Question 60

Transverse ridges of the mucosa and submucosa; also called plicae circulares.

Answer 60

Circular folds

Question 61

Long, fingerlike projections of the mucosa.

Answer 61

Villi

Question 62

Projections of the cell membrane on the apical surface of absorptive cells

Answer 62

Microvilli

Question 63

A specialized lymph capillary that pick up fats absorbed by the intestine.

Answer 63

Lacteal

Question 64

Clusters of lymphoid tissue found in the distal part of the small intestine.

Answer 64

Peyer's patches

Question 65

Tubular indentations of the mucosa whose cells secrete intestinal juice.

Answer 65

Intestinal crypts

Question 66

A bulb in the wall of the duodenum which carries secretions from the liver and pancreas

Answer 66

Hepatopancreatic ampulla

Question 67

Which three structures help increase the total surface area for absorption?

Answer 67

circular folds, villi & microvilli

Question 68

What type of epithelium is found lining the small intestines?

Answer 68

simple columnar

Question 69

Which structure is found only in the duodenum?

Answer 69

duodenal glands

Question 70

The last part of the small intestines joins with the large intestine at a structure called the:

Answer 70

ileocecal valve

Question 71

Which cells of the small intestinal wall are responsible for hormone secretion?

Answer 71

enteroendocrine cells

Question 72

Which of the following is NOT a function of the large intestine?

Answer 72

secretion of digestive enzymes

Question 73

The three bands of outer longitudinal muscle that run the length of the colon are the:

Answer 73

teniae coli

Question 74

The portion of the large intestine that travels vertically along the left abdominal wall.

Answer 74

Descending colon

Question 75

The portion of the large intestine that travels vertically along the right abdominal wall.

Answer 75

Ascending colon

Question 76

The portion of the large intestine that travels horizontally from the area of the liver to the spleen.

Answer 76

Transverse colon

Question 77

The portion of the large intestine that makes an S-shaped curve to enter the pelvis.

Answer 77

Sigmoid colon

Question 78

A blind pouch that hangs below the ileocecal valve.

Answer 78

Cecum

Question 79

A tubelike extension from the medial cecum that contains much lymphoid tissue in its walls.

Answer 79

Vermiform appendix

Question 80

The portion of the large intestine distal to the sigmoid colon that lies anterior to the sacrum.

Answer 80

Rectum

Question 81

The bend that occurs where the ascending colon and transverse colon meet.

Answer 81

Hepatic flexure

Question 82

The bend that occurs where the transverse colon and descending colon meet.

Answer 82

Splenic flexure

Question 83

The external opening at the distal end of the GI tract.

Answer 83

Anus

Question 84

The last 3 cm of the GI tract that lies external to the abdominopelvic cavity in the perineum.

Answer 84

Anal canal

Question 85

Considering only the structures listed below, which would fecal matter pass through third as it travels along the GI tract?

Answer 85

descending colon

Question 86

Which of the following is under voluntary control?

Answer 86

external anal sphincter

Question 87

In which organ of the GI tract does most chemical digestion and absorption occur?

Answer 87

small intestine

Question 88

Erosions in the stomach mucosa now know to be caused by Helicobacter pylori infection.

Answer 88

Peptic ulcers

Question 89

Acute inflammation of the appendix.

Answer 89

Appendicitis

Question 90

Inflammation and infection of the serous membranes of the abdominal cavity.

Answer 90

Peritonitis

Question 91

Infection and perforation of small outward herniations of the mucosa through the colon wall.

Answer 91

Diverticulitis

Question 92

Condition in which gastric juices are regurgitated into the esophagus causing damage to the wall.

Answer 92

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

Question 93

Condition in which the top of the stomach pushes through the hole in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes and into the thorax.

Answer 93

Hiatal hernia