CH 23 PreLecture

Question 1

_____ is the liquid part of blood and consists of water and dissolved substances.

Answer 1

plasma

Question 2

Red blood cells are packed with an oxygen-carrying pigment protein called ______.

Answer 2

hemoglobin

Question 3

A component of blood called _________ blood cells are called leukocytes and participate in immune responses.

Answer 3

white blood cells ; OR white, leukocyte

Question 4

Blood clotting is initiated by : what?

Answer 4

platelets

Question 5

The heart, ______, and vessels are the three main components of a circulatory system

Answer 5

blood

Question 6

Plasma is the … ?

Answer 6

liquid portion of the blood and is composed of about 90% water.

Question 7

In an open circulatory system, such as that found in insects, a heart pumps fluid through what?

Answer 7

through short vessels that lead to open spaces in the body cavity

Question 8

Hemoglobin is the protein found in ______ blood cells that transports ______ throughout the circulatory system.

Answer 8

red ; oxygen

Question 9

Vertebrates have _______ circulatory systems in which blood remains within vessels that exchange materials with the interstitial fluid.

Answer 9

closed ; OR enclosed

Question 10

Leukocytes are ______, which originate in the red bone marrow, have nuclei, and lack hemoglobin.

Answer 10

white blood cells

Question 11

Select all the correct choices that accurately compare the advantages and disadvantages of open and closed circulatory systems. :

A. A closed circulatory system has the flexibility to direct blood to or from specific areas, while an open system cannot.
B. In an open circulatory system, the blood moves at a higher pressure than in a closed system; however, more energy is required to do this.
C. An open circulatory system has fewer vessels than a closed system and has less energetic costs.
D. In a closed circulatory system, waste removal and nutrient delivery are more efficient because of the higher blood pressure.

Answer 11

Options A, C, and D

Question 12

Small, colorless cell fragments that initiate blood clotting are called _____

Answer 12

platelets

Question 13

In fishes, blood moves from the ventricle of the heart directly to the ______ to load oxygen and unload carbon dioxide, then circulates to the rest of the body and back to the heart.

Answer 13

gills

Question 14

What are all the components of the vertebrate circulatory system?

Answer 14

heart, vessels, blood

Question 15

The ______ is the chamber of the heart that the blood enters when returning from the body or lungs.

Answer 15

atrium

Question 16

In a(n) __________ circulatory system, a heart pumps fluid through vessels that open into the body cavity. Within the body cavity, the fluid exchanges materials with the body’s cells before flowing back into the heart through pores.

Answer 16

open

Question 17

What describes a closed circulatory system?

Answer 17

The blood remains in vessels and exchanges materials with interstitial fluid.

Question 18

What type of circulatory system is the most efficient in terms of nutrient delivery, waste removal, and meeting metabolic needs of organs?

Answer 18

closed circulatory system

Question 19

Blood enters the heart at a chamber called a(n) ______, while blood exits the heart from a chamber called a(n) ______.

Answer 19

atrium ; ventricle

Question 20

In what animals does blood flow directly from the gas exchange organs to the rest of the body before returning to the heart?

Answer 20

fishes

Question 21

In fish, blood enters the heart through a chamber called the

Answer 21

atrium

Question 22

In an open circulatory system, such as that found in insects, a heart pumps fluid _____.

Answer 22

through short vessels that lead to open spaces in the body cavity

Question 23

The ______ is the chamber of the heart that pumps blood away from the heart, to the gas exchange organs or to the rest of the body.

Answer 23

ventricle

Question 24

The atrium is the part of the heart _____, whereas the ventricle is the part of the heart _____.

Answer 24

where blood enters ; where blood exits

Question 25

Rank the following blood vessels from largest at the top to smallest at the bottom. capillaries , arterioles, and arteries

Answer 25

1. arteries 2. arterioles 3. capillaries

Question 25

Rank the following blood vessels from largest at the top to smallest at the bottom. capillaries , arterioles, and arteries

Answer 25

1. arteries 2. arterioles 3. capillaries

Question 26

What is the name of the type of muscle that makes up the walls of the heart?

Answer 26

cardiac muscle

Question 27

Name the structures in the order that blood flows through them, starting at the top with the right atrium :

Answer 27

1. right atrium 2. right ventricle 3. pulmonary arteries 4. pulmonary veins 5. left atrium 6. left ventricle

Question 28

In fish, blood exits the heart from the

Answer 28

ventricle

Question 29

What region of specialized cardiac muscle cells causes the atria to contract and sets the tempo of the heartbeat?

Answer 29

sinoatrial node

Question 30

Rank the blood vessels that return blood to the heart from the largest (at the top) to smallest (at the bottom). venues, capillaries, and veins

Answer 30

1. veins 2. venules 3. capillaries

Question 31

The wall of the heart consists mostly of a thick layer of ______ muscle.

Answer 31

cardiac

Question 32

As a result of regular exercise, the heart will strengthen and the ______ will increase, such that the heart can beat less times per minute and still pump the same amount of blood.

Answer 32

stroke volume

Question 33

In humans, oxygen-depleted blood leaves the ______ side of the heart and travels to the lungs to pick up oxygen. Oxygenated blood enters the _______ side of the heart and travels to the rest of the body.

Answer 33

blank 1: right ventricle blank 2: left atrium

Question 34

The ______ node of the heart is a region of specialized muscle cells in the upper wall of the right atrium, which is sometimes called the pacemaker because it sets the tempo of the beat.

Answer 34

sinoatrial

Question 35

Networks of tiny blood vessels that connect arterioles to venules are called _______ beds.

Answer 35

capillary beds

Question 36

The force that blood exerts on ______ is referred to as blood pressure.

Answer 36

vessel walls

Question 37

List all the long term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system :

Answer 37

1. reduced cholesterol in blood 2. lowered blood pressure 3. production of more red blood cells. 4. development of extra blood vessels

Question 38

Systolic pressure reflects the contraction of the ______ of the heart.

Answer 38

ventricles

Question 39

What feature of capillaries permits easy diffusion of gases into and out of them?

Answer 39

walls made of a single layer of endothelial cells

Question 40

List all of the following that are true about systolic and diastolic pressure readings.

Answer 40

1. Systolic pressure occurs during the contraction of the ventricles. 2. Diastolic pressure occurs during the relaxation of the ventricles.

Question 41

______ is the force that blood exerts on the walls of arteries.

Answer 41

blood pressure

Question 42

In the ______, blood pressure is the lowest, but blood velocity is faster than it is in the capillaries.

Answer 42

veins

Question 43

Organs of the ______ system, such as gills or lungs, allow gases from the environment to be exchanged with blood vessels from the circulatory system.

Answer 43

respiratory

Question 44

The first number in a blood pressure reading represents the ______, which is generated by the contraction of the ventricles.

Answer 44

systolic pressure

Question 45

In blood pressure readings, the ______ is the low point on a sphygmomanometer, when the ventricles relax.

Answer 45

diastolic pressure

Question 46

List the characteristics of lungs in terrestrial vertebrates.

Answer 46

1. kept moist by being located inside the body 2. saclike organs in which capillary networks are exposed to air

Question 47

Rank the following from the highest blood pressure (at the top) to the lowest blood pressure (at the bottom). - blood flowing through the veins, blood entering capillaries, and blood leaving the heart

Answer 47

1. blood leaving the heart 2. blood entering capillaries 3. blood flowing through the veins

Question 48

The nose, pharynx, and ______ are parts of the upper respiratory tract in humans.

Answer 48

larynx

Question 49

The organ system that exchanges gases with the environment in most animals is called the ________ system.

Answer 49

respiratory

Question 50

List some of the main functions of the nose.

Answer 50

1. breathing 2. immunity 3. sense of smell

Question 51

What is secreted by the nose and traps airborne bacteria and dust particles?

Answer 51

mucus

Question 52

Sac-like organs used by terrestrial vertebrates for gas exchange are called:

Answer 52

lungs

Question 53

List all the components of the human upper respiratory tract.

Answer 53

larynx, nose, and pharynx

Question 54

Breathing, immunity, and smelling are functions that the ______ performs for the body.

Answer 54

nose

Question 55

List all the components of the nasal cavity that help to warm and humidify air that enters the upper respiratory tract.

Answer 55

mucus and blood vessels

Question 56

The trachea and the lungs comprise the ______ respiratory tract.

Answer 56

lower

Question 57

List all the characteristics of lungs in terrestrial vertebrates.

Answer 57

1. kept moist by being located inside the body 2. saclike organs in which capillary networks are exposed to air

Question 58

Air flows into the lungs when the size of the chest cavity ______ and the air pressure inside the lungs is ______ than the pressure outside the body. Air flows out of the lungs when the diaphragm and chest muscles relax, and pressure inside the lungs is ______ than the air pressure outside the lungs.

Answer 58

increases ; lower ; greater

Question 59

How does oxygen cross capillary walls?

Answer 59

diffusion

Question 60

the lower respiratory tract is composed of the ... :

Answer 60

trachea, bronchi, and lungs

Question 61

List all of the following that describe inhalation in humans.

Answer 61

1. air pressure in alveoli lowers 2. volume of chest cavity increases 3. diaphragm contracts

Question 62

How does carbon dioxide move into the blood?

Answer 62

diffusion

Question 63

What is the correct statement with respect to the role of blood in gas exchange?

Answer 63

Oxygen is delivered by the blood to the cells, and carbon dioxide is transported from the cells to the lungs.

Question 63

What is the correct statement with respect to the role of blood in gas exchange?

Answer 63

Oxygen is delivered by the blood to the cells, and carbon dioxide is transported from the cells to the lungs.

Question 64

What is true about gas concentrations in the blood, alveoli, and respiring cells?

Answer 64

1. Air in the alveoli has a higher concentration of oxygen than blood in nearby capillaries. 2. Blood arriving at the leg has a lower carbon dioxide concentration than a respiring muscle cell in the leg. 3. Oxygen diffuses into blood cells at the lungs.

Question 65

List some statements that are true about gas exchange during respiration.

Answer 65

1. oxygen enters the capillaries from the alveoli 2. carbon dioxide moves from the capillaries to the alveoli

Question 66

red blood cells contain _____, which binds to ______ in the alveolar capillaries

Answer 66

hemoglobin ; oxygen

Question 67

what are two ways that carbon dioxide is transported in the blood ?

Answer 67

1. bound to hemoglobin 2. as bicarbonate ions

Question 68

whaat component of blood transport 99% of oxygen picked up in the lungs?

Answer 68

red blood cells

Question 69

What gas is transported through the blood as bicarbonate ions?

Answer 69

carbon dioxide