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Bio 151 > CH 25 Digestive system > Flashcards

CH 25 Digestive system Flashcards

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1
Q

What is gastroenterology?

A

the study of the digestive tract and the diagnosis and treatment of its disorders

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2
Q

What is the digestive system?

A

organ system that processes food, extracts nutrients, and eliminates residue

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3
Q

What are the 5 stages of digestion?

A

Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Compaction
Defecation

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4
Q

what is Ingestion?

A

selective intake of food

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5
Q

What is Digestion?

A

mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into a form usable by the body

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6
Q

What is Absorption?

A

uptake of nutrient molecules into the epithelial cells of the digestive tract and then into the blood and lymph

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7
Q

What is Compaction?

A

absorbing water and consolidating the indigestible residue into feces

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8
Q

What is Defecation?

A

elimination of feces

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9
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

physical breakdown of food into smaller particles

Cutting and grinding action of the teeth

Churning action of stomach and small intestines

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10
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

a series of hydrolysis reactions that breaks dietary macromolecules into their monomers

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11
Q

Which nutrients are present in a usable form in ingested food and can be directly absorbed?

A

Vitamins, amino acids, minerals, cholesterol, and water

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12
Q

Where are digestive enzymes produced?

A

salivary glands
stomach
pancreas
small intestine

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13
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the digestive system?

A

Digestive tract
Accessory organs

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14
Q

What is the Gastrointestinal tract?

A

stomach and intestines

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15
Q

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

A

Teeth
tongue
salivary glands
liver
gallbladder
pancreas

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16
Q

What is another term for the digestive tract?

A

Alimentary canal

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17
Q

What is the digestive tract?

A

30 ft long muscular tube extending from mouth to anus composed of:
Mouth
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine

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18
Q

Name the organ labelled A

A

Liver

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19
Q

Name the organ labelled B

A

pancreas

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20
Q

Name the organ labelled C

A

Gallbladder

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21
Q

What are the main structural layers of the digestive system?

A

–Mucosa

–Submucosa

–Muscularis externa

–Serosa

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22
Q

Name the layer labelled A

A

Mucosa

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23
Q

Name he layer labelled B

A

Submucosa

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24
Q

Name the layer labelled C

A

Muscularis externa

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25
Q

Name the layer labelled D

A

Serosa

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26
Q

What does the Mucosa Layer consist of?

A
  • Epithelium
  • Lamina propria
  • Muscularis mucosae
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27
Q

What does the Serosa consist of

A

Thin layer of areolar tissue

topped with simple squamous epithelium

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28
Q

What is the submucosa?

A

Thicker layer of loose connective tissue

Contains blood vessels and lymphatics

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29
Q

What does the Muscularis externa consist of?

A

Two layers of muscle near the outer surface

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30
Q

What is –Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)?

A

the mucosa exhibits an abundance of lymphocytes and lymphatic nodules

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31
Q

where is MALT found in the body?

A

In every exposed system of the body

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32
Q

What is the muscularis externa?

A

consists of usually 2 layers of muscle near the outer surface

Inner circle layer

Outer longitudinal layer

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33
Q

What is serosa?

A

composed of a thin layer of areolar tissue topped by simple squamous mesothelium

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34
Q

What is the –Adventitia?

A

fibrous connective tissue layer that binds and blends the pharynx, most of the esophagus, and the rectum into adjacent connective tissue of other organs

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35
Q

What is the enteric nervous system?

A

nervous network in esophagus, stomach, and intestines that regulates digestive tract motility, secretion, and blood flow

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36
Q

Which of the other nervous systems is the enteric nervous system considered a part of?

A

–autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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37
Q

What are the 2 networks of neurons of the Enteric nervous system?

A

–Submucosal (Meissner) plexus: in submucosa

–Myenteric (Auerbach) plexus: parasympathetic ganglia and nerve fibers between the 2 layers of the muscularis externa

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38
Q

What is the fubction of the Submucosal (Meissner) plexus

A
  • Controls glandular secretions of mucosa
  • Controls movements of muscularis mucosae
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39
Q

What is the function of the Myenteric (Auerbach) plexus?

A

•Controls peristalsis and other contractions of muscularis externa

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40
Q

What are the mesenteries?

A

•connective tissue sheets that suspend stomach and intestines from abdominal wall

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41
Q

What is the Parietal peritoneum

A

a serous membrane that lines the wall of the abdominal cavity

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42
Q

What is the dorsal mesentery?

A

a translucent two-layered membrane extending to the digestive tract

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43
Q

Where might the anterior (ventral) mesentery be located?

A
  • May hang freely in the abdominal cavity
  • May attach to the anterior abdominal wall or other organs
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44
Q

What is the Lesser omentum?

A

a ventral mesentery that extends from the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver

Attaches the stomach to the liver

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45
Q

What is the Greater omentum?

A
  • hangs from the greater curvature of the stomach (its left inferior margin)
  • Covers small intestine like an apron
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46
Q

What is the Mesocolon?

A

extension of the mesentery that anchors the colon to the abdominal wall

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47
Q

What is does Intraperitoneal mean?

A

when an organ is enclosed by mesentery on both sides

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48
Q

What does Retroperitoneal mean?

A

when an organ lies against the posterior body wall and is covered by peritoneum on its anterior side only

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49
Q

What is the membrane labelled A?

A

Lesser omentum

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50
Q

What is the membrane labelled B? yes that is a B

A

Greater omentum

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51
Q

What is the structure labelled A?

A

Mesocolon

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52
Q

What is the structure labelled B ?

A

Mesentery

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53
Q

How are motility and secretion of the digestive tract controlled?

A
  • neural
  • hormonal
  • paracrine mechanisms
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54
Q

What are the two types of neural control?

A

Short (myenteric) reflexes

Long (vagovagal) reflexes

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55
Q

What is the function of the Short (myenteric) reflexes?

A
  • stretch or chemical stimulation acts through myenteric plexus
  • Stimulates paristaltic contractions of swallowing
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56
Q

What is the function of the –Long (vagovagal) reflexes?

A

parasympathetic stimulation of digestive motility and secretion (think rest and digest)

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57
Q

What is the function of Hormones in the digestive system?

A
  • Chemical messengers secreted into bloodstream that stimulate distant parts of the digestive tract
  • Gastrin and secretin
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58
Q

What is the function of Paracrine secretions in the digestive system?

–

A

Chemical messengers that diffuse through the tissue fluids to stimulate nearby target cells

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59
Q

What is the mouth also known as?

A

Oral or Buccal cavity

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60
Q

What are the functions of the mouth in the digestive system?

A

–Ingestion (food intake)

–Taste and other sensory responses to food

–Chewing and chemical digestion

–Swallowing, speech, and respiration

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61
Q

What type of cells is the mouth lined with?

A

•Stratified squamous epithelium

–Keratinized in areas subject to food abrasion: gums and hard palate

–Nonkeratinized in other areas: floor of mouth, soft palate, and insides of cheeks and lips

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62
Q

What is the Oral fissure?

A

anterior opening between lips

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63
Q

What is the Fauces?

A

posterior opening to the throat

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64
Q

What are the functions of the tongue in the digestive system?

A

–Manipulates food between teeth

–Senses taste and texture of food

–Can extract food particles from the teeth after a meal

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65
Q

What cells cover the surface of the tongue?

A

–Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium covers its surface

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66
Q

What are the Lingual papillae?

A

bumps and projections that are the sites of most taste buds

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67
Q

Which part of the tongue is the root?

A

posterior 1/3

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68
Q

Which part of the tongue is the body?

A

Anterior 2/3

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69
Q

What is dentition?

A

The teeth

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70
Q

What does it mean to masticate?

A
  • Chew food into smaller pieces to be swallowed
  • Exposes more surface area to enzymes
  • 1st step in mechanical digestion
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71
Q

How many adult teeth should you have?

A

32

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72
Q

How many teeth should be in the mandible?

A

16

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73
Q

How many teeth should be in the maxilla?

A

16

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74
Q

What are the different types of teeth?

A

Incisors

Canine

premolar

molars

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75
Q

What is the alveolus?

A

Tooth socket in the bone

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76
Q

What is the function of the peridontal ligament?

A

–Anchors tooth firmly in alveolus

–Allows slight movement under pressure of chewing

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77
Q

What is the Gingiva (Gum)?

A

Flesh that covers alveolar bone

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78
Q

What are the regions of a tooth?

A

–Crown: portion above the gum

–Root: the portion below the gum, embedded in alveolar bone

–Neck: the point where crown, root, and gum meet

–Gingival sulcus: space between the tooth and the gum

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79
Q

What is the region labelled A?

A

Crown

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80
Q

What is the region labelled B?

A

Neck

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81
Q

What is the region labelled C?

A

Root

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82
Q

What is occlusion?

A

Meeting of the teeth with mouth closed

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83
Q

What is the structure labelled 1?

A

Enamel

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84
Q

What is the structure labelled 2?

A

Dentin

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85
Q

What is the structure labelled 3?

A

Pulp in pulp cavity

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86
Q

What is the structure labelled 4?

A

Gingival sulcus

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87
Q

What is the structure labelled 5?

A

Gingiva

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88
Q

What is the structure labelled 6?

A

Alveolar bone

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89
Q

What is the structure labelled 7?

A

Peridontal ligament

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90
Q

What is the structure labelled 8?

A

Root canal

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91
Q

What is the structure labelled 9?

A

Cementum

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92
Q

What is the structure labelled 10?

A

Apical foramen

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93
Q

What is the structure labelled 11?

A

Artery, nerves and veins

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94
Q

How many deciduous teeth does a baby have?

A

20

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95
Q

what is Plaque?

A

sticky residue on the teeth made up of bacteria and sugars

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96
Q

What is Root canal therapy?

A

necessary treatment if cavity reaches pulp

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97
Q

What is Gingivitis?

A

inflammation of the gums

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98
Q

What is Periodontal disease?

A

destruction of the supporting bone around the teeth which may result in tooth loss

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99
Q

What is the result of calculus in the gingival sulcus?

A

wedges the tooth and gum apart

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100
Q

What is saliva?

A

hypotonic solution of 97.0%-99.5% water and solutes

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101
Q

What are the functions of saliva?

A

–Moistens mouth

–Begins starch and fat digestion

–Cleanses teeth

–Inhibits bacterial growth

–Dissolves molecules so they can stimulate the taste buds

–Moistens food and binds it together into bolus to aid in swallowing

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102
Q

What is salivary amylase?

A

–enzyme that begins starch digestion in the mouth

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103
Q

Name the solutes within saliva

A
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104
Q

What is Lingual lipase?

A

enzyme that is activated by stomach acid and digests fat after food is swallowed

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105
Q

What is Lysozyme?

A

enzyme that kills bacteria

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106
Q

What is the PH of saliva?

A

6.8-7.0 (neutral)

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107
Q

Which are the intrinsic salivary glands?

A

Lingual gland

Labial glands

Palatine glands

Buccal glands

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108
Q

where are the lingual glands located?

A

in the tongue

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109
Q

Where are the Labial glands located?

A

inside the lips

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110
Q

Where are the palatine glands located?

A

roof of the mouth

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111
Q

Where are the Buccal glands located?

A

Inside the cheek

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112
Q

Which are the extrinsic glands?

A

Parotid

Submandibular gland

Sublingual gland

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113
Q

Where are the parotid glands?

A

beneath the skin anterior to the earlobe

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114
Q

Where are the submandibular glands?

A

halfway along the body of the mandible

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115
Q

where are the sublingual glands located?

A

in the floor of the mouth

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116
Q

How much saliva do the extrinsic salivary glands secrete per day?

A

about 1-1.5 L

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117
Q

What is the function of the Cells of acini?

A

filter water and electrolytes from blood and add amylase, mucin, and lysozyme

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118
Q

What is the function of the Salivatory nuclei in medulla oblongata and pons

A

respond to signals generated by presence of food

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119
Q

Which nervous system is the salivatory nuclei controlled by?

A

ANS

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120
Q

What is Bolus

A

mass swallowed as a result of saliva binding food particles into a soft, slippery, easily swallowed mass

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121
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

muscular funnel connecting oral cavity to esophagus and nasal cavity to larynx

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122
Q

What are the three pharyngeal constrictors?

A

Superior

Middle

Inferior

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123
Q

What is the esophagus?

A

straight muscular tube 25 - 30 cm long

Extends from pharynx to cardiac orifice of stomach

124
Q

What is heartburn?

A

burning sensation produced by acid reflux into the esophagus

125
Q

What is the function of the lower esophageal sphincter?

A
  • Prevents stomach contents from regurgitating into the esophagus
  • Protects esophageal mucosa from erosive stomach acid
126
Q

Describe the anatomy of the esophagus

A

–Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

–Esophageal glands in submucosa secrete mucus

–Deeply folded into longitudinal ridges when empty

–Covered with adventitia

127
Q

What is another term for swallowing?

A

Deglutition

128
Q

What is the swallowing centre?

A

pair of nuclei in medulla oblongata that coordinates swallowing

129
Q

What are the phases of swallowing?

A
  1. oral phase
  2. pharyngeal phase
  3. Esophageal phase
130
Q

What phase of swallowing does the diagram depict?

A

Oral phase

131
Q

What phase of swallowing does the diagram depict?

A

Pharangeal phase

132
Q

What phase of swallowing does the diagram depict?

A

Esophageal phase

133
Q

Which salivary glands are marked with A?

A

Parotid gland

134
Q

Which salivary glands are marked with B?

A

Submandibular gland

135
Q

Which salivary glands are marked with c?

A

Sublingual gland

136
Q

what is the Stomach?

A

a muscular sac in upper left abdominal cavity immediately inferior to the diaphragm

137
Q

What are the main functions of the stomach?

A
  • food storage organ
  • Mechanically breaks up food, liquefies it,
  • begins chemical digestion of protein and fat
138
Q

What is Chyme?

A

soupy or pasty mixture of semi-digested food in the stomach

139
Q

WHat are the four regions of the stomach?

A
  1. Cardiac region (cardia)
  2. Fundic region (fundus)
  3. Body (corpus)
  4. Pyloric region
140
Q

What is the Cardiac region?

A

small area within about 3 cm of the cardiac orifice

141
Q

What is the Fundic region?

A

dome-shaped portion superior to esophageal attachment

142
Q

What is the Body of the stomach?

A

makes up the greatest part of stomach

143
Q

What is the pyloric region?

A

•narrower pouch at the inferior end

144
Q

What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?

A

regulates the passage of chyme in to the duodenim

145
Q

What is the structure labelled A?

A

Fundic region

146
Q

What is the structure labelled B?

A

Greater curvature

147
Q

What is the structure labelled C?

A

Lesser curvature

148
Q

What is the structure labelled D?

A

Antrum

149
Q

What is the structure labelled E?

A

Pyloric canal

150
Q

What is the structure labelled F

A

Pylorus

151
Q

What is the structure labelled G

A

Pyloric sphincter

152
Q

Which nerve fibers does the stomach receive?

A

–Parasympathetic fibers from vagus

–Sympathetic fibers from celiac ganglia

153
Q

Where is blood to the stomach supplied from?

A

branches of the celiac trunk

154
Q

Where does blood from the stomach and intestines drain to?

A

enters hepatic portal circulation and is filtered through liver before returning to heart

155
Q

What is the name of the wrinkles formed when the stomach is empty?

A

gastric rugae

156
Q

What type of epithelium lines the stomach?

A

Simple columnar

157
Q

How many layers does the muscularis externa of the stomach have?

A

3

158
Q

What is this a picture of?

A

Gastric pits

159
Q

What is the layer labelled A?

A

Mucosa

160
Q

What is the layer labelled B?

A

Submucosa

161
Q

What is the layer labelled C?

A

Muscularis externa

162
Q

What is the layer labelled D?

A

Serosa

163
Q

What is the function of Mucous cells?

A

Secrete mucous

164
Q

What is the function of Regenerative (stem) cells?

A

–Divide rapidly and produce continual supply of new cells to replace cells that die

165
Q

What is the function of Parietal cells?

A
  • Secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl)
  • intrinsic factor
  • ghrelin
166
Q

What is the function of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice?

A
  • HCl activates pepsin and lingual lipase
  • Breaks up connective tissues and plant cell walls
  • Helps liquefy food to form chyme
  • Converts ingested ferric ions to ferrous ions
  • Contributes to nonspecific disease resistance
167
Q

What is the function of Chief cells?

A
  • Secrete gastric lipase
  • pepsinogen
168
Q

What is the function of Enteroendocrine cells?

A
  • Secrete hormones
  • paracrine messengers
169
Q

How much Gastric juice is produced per day by the gastric glands.

A

2 to 3 L

170
Q

What is Gastric juice made up of?

A

water

hydrochloric acid (high concentration)

pepsin

171
Q

What is the PH of gastric juice?

A

Can be as low as 0.8

172
Q

What are Zymogens?

A

digestive enzymes secreted as inactive proteins

173
Q

What is the role of gastric lipase and lingual liase in digestion?

A

Digesta 10%-15% of dietary fats in the stomach

174
Q

What is intrinsic factor?

A

a glycoprotein secreted by parietal cells

175
Q

Name to Zymogens

A

Pepsinogen

Pepsin

176
Q

What is the name of the linked reaction between Pepsinogen and Pepsin?

A
177
Q

What is the function of instrinsic factor?

A

It is essential to the absorption of B12 by the small intestine

178
Q

Why is vitamin B12 so important ?

A

It helps in synthesizing Hemoglobin

179
Q

Given that secretion of intrinsic factor is the most important function of the stomach. Can we still digest food without it?

A
180
Q

What type of chemical messengeres are produces on the gastric and pyloric glands?

A

Hormones

Paracrine secretions

Peptides

gut-brain peptides

181
Q

How long does it typically take a meal to empty from the somach?

A

4 Hours

182
Q

Which cells of the stomach control the rhythmic peristalsis?

A

pacemaker cells in longitudinal layer of muscularis externa

183
Q

what center of the medulla oblongata signals stomach to relax

A

•Swallowing center

184
Q

Which region of the stomach does the contraction become stronger?

A

Pyloric region

185
Q

Where is alcohol absorbed?

A

Small intestine

186
Q

Most digestion and nearly all absorption occur where?

A

small intestine

187
Q

What do salivary and gastric enzymes partially digest in the stomach?

A

protein and lesser amounts of starch and fat

188
Q

What are the three ways the stomach is protected from the harsh acidic environment?

A

Mucous coat

Tight junctions

Epithelial cell replacement

189
Q

What can breakdown of the protective measures in the stomach lead to?

A

inflammation and peptic ulcer

190
Q

What are the three phases of gastric activity?

A

Cephalic phase

Gastric phase

Intestinal phase

191
Q

Nervous and endocrine systems collaborate to bring about which functions of the gastric function?

A
  • Increase gastric secretion and motility when food is eaten
  • suppress them when the stomach empties
192
Q

Stomach being controlled by brain is which phase?

A

Cephalic phase

193
Q

stomach controlling itself is which phase?

A

Gastric phase

194
Q

Stomach being controlled by small intestine is which phase?

A

Intestinal phase

195
Q

In which order do the gastric phases occur?

A

Phases overlap and can occur simaltaneously

196
Q

Gastric secretion is stimulated by which 3 chemicals?

A
  • Acetylcholine (ACh)
  • Histamine
  • Gastrin
197
Q

Ingested food stimulates the gastric activity in which two ways?

A

Stretching the stomach

increasing the PH of it’s contents

198
Q

Which chemicals are involved in the intestinal phase?

A

secretin and cholecystokin (CCK)

199
Q

•Small intestine receives what during the digestive process?

A
  • chyme from stomach
  • secretions from liver and pancreas
200
Q

Where is the liver located?

A

Directly beneath the diaphragm

201
Q

The liver is the body’s largest

A

gland

202
Q

One of the key functions of the liver is to

A

Secrete bile which contributes to digestion

203
Q

Name the four lobes of the liver

A

right, left, quadrate, and caudate

204
Q

What is the Porta hepatis

A

an irregular opening between quadrate and caudate lobes

205
Q

What is the structure Labelled A?

A

Right lobe

206
Q

What is the structure Labelled B?

A

Caudate lobe

207
Q

What is the structure Labelled C?

A

Bare area

208
Q

What is the structure Labelled D?

A

Right lobe

209
Q

What is the structure Labelled E?

A

Gallbladder

210
Q

What is the structure Labelled F?

A

Quadrate lobe

211
Q

What is the structure Labelled G?

A

Porta hepatis

212
Q

What is the structure Labelled H?

A

Falciform ligament

213
Q

What is the structure Labelled I?

A

Left lobe

214
Q

What is the structure Labelled J?

A

Round ligament

215
Q

What is the structure labelled A?

A

Central vein

216
Q

What is the structure labelled B?

A

Hepatic triad

217
Q

What is the structure labelled C?

A

Hepatocytes

218
Q

What is the structure labelled D?

A

Bile canaliculi

219
Q

What is the structure labelled E?

A

Hepatic sinusoid

220
Q

What is the structure labelled F?

A

Stroma

221
Q

What are Hepatic lobules?

A

tiny cylinders that fill the interior of the liver

222
Q

What is the Central vein?

A

It passes down the core of the liver

223
Q

What are Hepatocytes?

A

cuboidal cells surrounding central vein in radiating sheets or plates

224
Q

What are Hepatic sinusoids?

A

blood-filled channels that fill spaces between the plates

225
Q

What are Hepatic macrophages (Kupffer cells)?

A

phagocytic cells in the sinusoids that remove bacteria and debris from the blood

226
Q

What are the main functions of hepatocytes?

A

–After a meal absorb from the blood: glucose, amino acids, iron, vitamins, and other nutrients for metabolism or storage

–Between meals break down stored glycogen and release glucose into the blood

–Remove and degrade: hormones, toxins, bile pigments, and drugs

–Secrete into the blood: albumin, lipoproteins, clotting factors, angiotensinogen, and other products

227
Q

What is the structure labelled A?

A

Gallbladder

228
Q

What is the structure labelled B?

A

Hepatic ducts

229
Q

What is the structure labelled C?

A

Common hepatic duct

230
Q

What is the structure labelled D?

A

Cystic duct

231
Q

What is the structure labelled E?

A

Bile duct

232
Q

What is the structure labelled F?

A

Duodenim

233
Q

What is the structure labelled G?

A

Pancreas

234
Q

What is the structure labelled H?

A

Jejunum

235
Q

Hepatic lobules are separated by a sparse connective tissue called

A

stroma

236
Q

Between liver lobules is a heptaic triad made up of

A
  • branch of hepatic portal vein
  • branch of hepatic artery proper
  • Bile ductule
237
Q

Blood from the liver drains directly into the

A

Inferior vena cava

238
Q

What is the gallbladder ?

A
  • a pear-shaped sac on underside of liver
  • simple columnar epithelium
  • Head (fundus) usually projects slightly beyond inferior margin of liver
  • Neck (cervix) leads into the cystic duct
239
Q

What is the main function of the gallbladder?

A

Serves to store and concentrate bile by absorbing water and electrolytes

240
Q

What is Bile?

A

yellow-green fluid containing minerals, cholesterol, neutral fats, phospholipids, bile pigments, and bile acids

241
Q

What is Bilirubin?

A
  • principal pigment derived from the decomposition of hemoglobin
  • Responsible for the brown color of feces
242
Q

What are Bile acids (bile salts)?

A
  • steroids synthesized from cholesterol
  • aid in fat digestion and absorption
243
Q

What are Gallstones?

A
  • hard masses in either the gallbladder or bile ducts
  • may form if bile becomes excessively concentrated with wastes
244
Q

What percentage of bile acids are reabsorbed in the ileum and returned to the liver

A

80%

245
Q

What percentage of bile acids are excreted in the feces

A

20%

246
Q

What is Cholelithiasis?

A

formation of gallstones

247
Q

What is Painful obstruction of ducts

A

Result in jaundice (yellowing of skin), poor fat digestion, and impaired absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

248
Q

What is Lithotripsy?

A

use of ultrasonic vibration to pulverize stones without surgery

249
Q

What is the Pancreas?

A

spongy retroperitoneal gland posterior to greater curvature of stomach

250
Q

Is the pancreas and endocrine or exocrine gland?

A

Both endocrine and exocrine

251
Q

What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

A
  • pancreatic islets that secrete insulin and glucagon
  • Concentrated in the tail of the gland
252
Q

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

99% of pancreas that secretes 1,200-1,500 mL of pancreatic juice per day

253
Q

What is the Pancreatic duct?

A

runs lengthwise through middle of the gland

254
Q

What is the accessory pancreatic duct?

A

smaller duct that branches from the main pancreatic duct

255
Q

What is Pancreatic juice?

A

alkaline mixture of water, enzymes, zymogens, sodium bicarbonate, and other electrolytes

256
Q

what is the function of sodium mbicarbonate in the liver?

A

Neutralizes HCL

257
Q

What are zymogens?

A

Proteins that are converted into active digestive enzymes after secretion

258
Q

What is trypsinogen?

A

A zymogen that becomes trypsin to digest protein

259
Q

What is chymotrypsinogen?

A

A zymogen that becomes chymotrypsin to digest protein

260
Q

What is procarboxypeptidease?

A

A Zymogen that becomes carboxypeptidease which hydrolyses the terminal amino acid from the carboxyl

261
Q

Name the pancreatic enzymes

A
  • Pancreatic amylase
  • Pancreatic lipase
  • Ribonuclease
  • deoxyribonuclease
262
Q

What is the function of Pancreatic amylase?

A

Digests starch

263
Q

What is the function of Pancreatic lipase?

A

Digests fat

264
Q

What is the purpose of Ribonuclase?

A

Digests RNA

265
Q

What is the purpose of Deoxyribonuclease?

A

Digests DNA

266
Q

What is the purpose of enterokinase in the pancreas?

A

Catalyst for zymogens to become enzymes

267
Q

Which 3 stimuli are chiefly responsible for the release of pancreatic juice and bile?

A
  • acetylcholine
  • cholecystokinin
  • secretin
268
Q

Why is the small intestine referred to as small?

A

It has a small diameter of 2.5cm

269
Q

What are the three regions of the small intestine?

A
  • Duodenim
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
270
Q

What is the main function of the small intestine?

A

Nearly all chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine

271
Q

What is the function of the duodenim?

A
  • Receives stomach contents, pancreatic juice, and bile
  • Fats are physically broken up (emulsified) by bile acids
  • Pepsin is inactivated by increased pH
  • Pancreatic enzymes perform chemical digestion
272
Q

What is the main function of the jejunum?

A

Most digestion and nutrient absorption occurs here

273
Q

Which three important structures are housed by the Ileum?

A
  • Peyer patches
  • Ileocecal junction
  • Ileocecal valve
274
Q

Circular folds (plicae circulares) of the small intestine increase surface area by a factor of

A

2-3

275
Q

Villi increase surface area of the small intestine by a factor of

A

10

276
Q

Microvilli increase the surface area of the small intestine by a factor of

A

20

277
Q

Where do circular folds occur?

A

from duodenum to middle of ileum

278
Q

What two types of epithelial cells are villi covered with?

A
  • Absorptive cells (enterocytes)
  • Goblet cells—secrete mucus
279
Q

What is the main function of microvilli?

A

Increase absorptive surface area

280
Q

What is the function of Brush border enzymes contained in plasma membrane of microvilli

A

Carry out some of the final stages of enzymatic digestion

281
Q

What are Intestinal crypts (crypts of Lieberkühn)?

A

numerous pores that open into tubular glands on the floor of the small intestine between bases of the villi

282
Q

What cells are clustered at the base of intestinal crypts?

A

Paneth cells

283
Q

What is the function of the Duodenal glands found in submucosa of duodenum

A
  • Secrete an abundance of bicarbonate-rich mucus
  • Neutralize stomach acid and shield the mucosa from its erosive effects
284
Q

How much intestinal juice do the crypts secrete per day?

A

1-2L

285
Q

What is the PH of intestinal juice?

A

7.4-7.8

286
Q

what are the three functions of the contractions of the small intestine?

A

–To mix chyme with intestinal juice, bile, and pancreatic juice

–To churn chyme and bring it in contact with the mucosa for contact digestion and nutrient absorption

–To move residue toward large intestine

287
Q

What is the purpose of segmentation?

A

to mix and churn

288
Q

What is the purpose of peristalsis?

A

to move the contents of the small intestine toward the colon

289
Q

Which his the most digestable carbohydrate?

A

Starch

290
Q

Which carbohydrate is indigestable?

A

Cellulose

291
Q

80% of absorbed sugar is?

A

Glucose

292
Q

Amino acids absorbed by the small intestine come from which three sources?

A
  • Dietary proteins
  • Digestive enzymes digested by eachother
  • Sloughed epithelial cells digested by enzymes
293
Q

Endogenous amino acids come from

A

internal sources

294
Q

Exogenous amino acids come from

A

our diet

295
Q

What are Proteases (peptidases)

A

enzymes that digest proteins

296
Q

What happens to pepsin when it passes into the duodenim?

A

It is deactivated

297
Q

How do Pancreatic enzymes take over protein digestion in small intestine

A

by hydrolyzing polypeptides into shorter oligopeptides

298
Q

What makes digestion of lipids complicated?

A

Their hydrophobicity

299
Q

What are lipases?

A

fat digesting enzymes

300
Q

Before digestion in duodenum, vigorous pumping in stomach’s antrum does what to fats?

A

emulsifies the fat (breaks up globs)

301
Q

Emulsification droplets are broken down further by

A
  • bile
  • lecithin
  • agitation produced by intestinal segmentation
302
Q

Lipase acts on

A

triglycerides

303
Q

Absorption of free fatty acids, monoglycerides, and other lipids depends on minute droplets in the bile called

A

micelles

304
Q

What diffuses in to the centre of micelle to form its core

A

Bile phospholipids and cholesterol

305
Q

Micelles pass down the bile duct in to the

A

duodenim

Bio 151 (12 decks)

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