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Bio 151 > CH 28 female reproductive > Flashcards

CH 28 female reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

Name the female gonads

A

ovaries

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2
Q

What are the main functions of the female gonads?

A
  • Produce female gametes (ova)
  • Secrete female sex hormones
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3
Q

What are the female gametes?

A

Ova/Ovum

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4
Q

Name the female sex hormones

A

estrogen

Progesterone

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5
Q

Name the accessory ducts for the fefmale reproductive system

A

–Uterine tubes

–Uterus

–Vagina

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6
Q

Which are the internal genitalia for frmales?

A

–Ovaries

–Uterine tubes

–Uterus

–Vagina

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7
Q

Where are in the body are the female internal reproductive organs?

A

Pelvic cavity

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8
Q

Name the structure Labelled A

A

Cervix

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9
Q

Name the structure Labelled B

A

Vagina

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10
Q

Name the structure Labelled C

A

Infundibulum

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11
Q

Name the structure Labelled D

A

Uterine tube

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12
Q

Name the structure Labelled E

A

Ovary

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13
Q

Name the structure Labelled F

A

Uterus

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14
Q

Name the structure Labelled G

A

Clitoris

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15
Q

Which ligaments anchor the ovary in place?

A

ovarian ligament

suspensory ligament

mesovarium

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16
Q

Which ligaments make up the broad ligament?

A

suspensory and mesovarium

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17
Q

What is the function of the broad ligament?

A

supports uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina

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18
Q

Which vessels supply blood to the ovaries?

A

•ovarian arteries and ovarian branch of the uterine arteries

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19
Q

What are ovaries surrounded by ?

A

A fibrous tunica albuginea

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20
Q

what is the outer layer of ovaries made up of?

A

Germinal epithelium

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21
Q

Name the two regions of the ovaries

A

Outer cortex

inner medulla

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22
Q

Which region of the ovaries are the ovarian follicles embedded

A

embedded in cirtex

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23
Q

What are oocytes surrounded by?

A

–Follicle cells (one cell layer thick)

–Granulosa cells (more than one layer present)

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24
Q

What is an oocyte?

A

An immature egg

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25
Q

What is a primordial follicle?

A

initial stage of development in follicle cycle. oocyte and single layer of follicle cells present

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26
Q

What do more mature follicles develop before the vesicular phase?

A

Several layers of granulosa cells

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27
Q

What is a vesicular (antral or tertiary) follicle?

A

A fully mature follicle

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28
Q

What happens during ovulation?

A

Ejection of oocyte from ripening follicle

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29
Q

What is corpus luteum?

A

develops from ruptured follicle after ovulation

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30
Q

What is the mesosalpinx?

A

mesentery that supports uterine tubes

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31
Q

How is an oocyte moved down the uterine tubes?

A

• peristalsis and ciliary action

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32
Q

What is the ampulla?

A

•Distal expansion with infundibulum near ovary

–Ciliated fimbriae of infundibulum create currents to move oocyte into uterine tube

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33
Q

What is the isthmus?

A

constricted region where tube joins uterus

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34
Q

What is the usual site of fertilization?

A

Uterine tubes

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35
Q

What is the function of the uterus?

A

–Receive, retain, nourish fertilized ovum

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36
Q

What is an anteverted uterus?

A

uterus is inclined forward

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37
Q

What is a retroverted uterus?

A

Uterus is inclined backward

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38
Q

What is the body of the uterus?

A

the major portion of the uterus

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39
Q

What is the fundus of the uterus?

A

rounded superior region of the uterus

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40
Q

What is the isthmus?

A

Narrowed inferior region of the uterus

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41
Q

what is the cervix?

A

narrow neck, or outlet; projects into vagina

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42
Q

What is the function of the cervical glands

A

secrete mucus that blocks sperm entry except during midcycle

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43
Q

Which other organs does the cervical canal communicate with?

A

–Vagina via external os

–Uterine body via internal os

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44
Q

Which ligaments support the uterus?

A
  • Mesometrium
  • Cardinal (lateral cervical ) ligaments
  • Uterosacral ligaments

Round ligaments

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45
Q

Name the sacs of peritoneum that surround the uterus

A
  • Vesicouterine pouch
  • Rectouterine pouch
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46
Q

At what phase are primary Oocytes arrested?

A

Prophase 1

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47
Q

Where is the vesicouterine pouch located?

A

Between the bladder and the uterus

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48
Q

where is the rectouterine sac located?

A

Between the rectum and the uterus

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49
Q

Name the three layers of the uterus

A

Perimetrium

Myometrium

Endometrium

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50
Q

What is the perimetrium?

A

serous outer layer (visceral peritoneum)

51
Q

What is the myometrium?

A

Middle layer of uterine wall

Interlacing layers of smooth muscle

52
Q

What is the endometrium?

A

Mucosal inner lining of the uterus

53
Q

What layers is the endometrium made up of?

A
  • Stratum functionalis (functional layer)
  • Stratum basalis (basal layer)
54
Q

What is the function of the stratum functionalis

A

–Changes in response to ovarian hormone cycles

–Shed during menstruation

55
Q

What is the function of the stratum basalis

A

–Forms new functionalis after menstruation

–Unresponsive to ovarian hormones

56
Q

Where do uterine arteries arise from?

A

internal iliacs

57
Q

What do uterine arteried become in myometrium?

A

Arcuate arteries

58
Q

What do arcuate arteries branch into in the endometrium?

A

Radial arteries

59
Q

What type of artery is found in the stratum basalis?

A

straight arteries

60
Q

What type of artery is found in the stratum functionalis?

A

spiral arteries

61
Q

What is the vagina?

A
  • Thin-walled tube 8-10 cm in length
  • Birth canal and organ of copulation
  • Extends between bladder and rectum from cervix to exterior
62
Q

Where in the vagina is the urethra located?

A

•Urethra parallels course anteriorly; embedded in anterior wall

63
Q

Name the three layers of the vagina?

A

–Fibroelastic adventitia

–Smooth muscle muscularis

–Stratified squamous mucosa with rugae

64
Q

Mucosa near vaginal orifice forms incomplete partition called ?

A

Hymen

65
Q

What is the vaginal fornix?

A

upper end of vagina surrounding cervix

66
Q

What are mammary glands?

A

•Modified sweat glands consisting of 15–25 lobes

67
Q

what is the name of the pigmented skin surrounding the nipple?

A

Areola

68
Q

Which ligaments attach the breast to the underlying muscle?

A

suspensory ligaments

69
Q

What is the path of breast milk?

A
  1. lactiferous ducts
  2. lactiferous sinuses
  3. open to outside at nipple
70
Q

Lobules within lobes contain ………..that produce……..?

A

Glandular alveoli/milk

71
Q

What is the structure labelled A?

A

Suspensory ligamen

72
Q

What is the structure labelled B?

A

Lobe

73
Q

What is the structure labelled C?

A

Areola

74
Q

What is the structure labelled D?

A

Nipple

75
Q

What is the structure labelled E?

A

Lactiferous sinus

76
Q

What is the structure labelled F?

A

Lactiferous duct

77
Q

When does production of female gametes begin?

A

fetal period

78
Q

How to oogonia reproduce?

A

mitosis

79
Q

what happens each month when a primary Ooctye is selected to complete meiosis 1?

A

Two haploid cells of different sizes are produced

(Secondary Oocyte and first polar body)

80
Q

What phase of meiosis does a secondary oocyte arrest in?

A

Metaphase II (as an ovulated ovum)

81
Q

What happens to a secondary Oocyte if it is not penetrated by sperm?

A

It deteriorates and is excreted with menstruation

82
Q

What happens to a secondary Oocyte if it is penetrated by sperm?

A

It completes meiosis II and becomes:

Ovum (functional gamete)

Second polar body

83
Q

What happens to the polar bodies after Oogenesis?

A

They degenerate and die

84
Q

What are the two consecutive phases of menstrual cycle?

A

Follicular phase

Luteal phase

85
Q

When does ovulation occur?

A

Around day 14 of the menstrual cycle

86
Q

What is the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

–period of follicle growth (days 1–14)

87
Q

What is the lutal phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

–period of corpus luteum activity (days 14–28)

88
Q

What are the four phases of follicle maturation?

A
  1. Primordial follicle
  2. primary follicle
  3. secondary follicle
  4. late secondary follicle
89
Q

What forms around the Ooctye in the follicle?

A

Zona Pellucida

90
Q

How are fraternal twins conceived?

A

1–2% of ovulations release more than one secondary oocyte

91
Q

How are identical twins conceived

A

fertilization of one oocyte, then separation of daughter cells

92
Q

Which hormones does the corpus luteum secrete?

A

Progesterone and some estrogen

93
Q

Which cells form the corpus luteum?

A

Granulosa cells and internal thecal cells

94
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if the ovum remains unfertilized?

A

degenerates into corpus albicans (scar) in 10 days

95
Q

What is the function of the corpus luteum if fertilization occurs?

A

produces hormones that sustain pregnancy until placenta takes over at about 3 months

96
Q

Why is there no menstruation before puberty?

A

ovaries grow and secrete small amounts of estrogens that inhibit hypothalamic release of GnRH

97
Q

How is the cycle then established at puberty?

A
  • GnRH released; FSH and LH released by pituitary, and act on ovaries
  • These events continue until an adult cyclic pattern achieved and menarche occurs
98
Q

What are the three phases of menstruation?

A

–Days 1–5: Menstrual phase

–Days 6–14: Proliferative (preovulatory) phase

–Days 15–28: Secretory (postovulatory) phase (constant 14-day length)

99
Q

What is menstruation?

A

•Cyclic changes in endometrium in response to fluctuating ovarian hormone levels

100
Q

What happens in the menstrual phase (days 1-5)

A

–Ovarian hormones at lowest levels

–Gonadotropins beginning to rise

–Stratum functionalis shed; menstrual flow (blood and tissue) 3 - 5 days

–By day 5 growing ovarian follicles produce more estrogen

101
Q

What happens during the Proliferative phase (Days 6 - 14)

A

–Rising estrogen levels prompt generation of new stratum functionalis layer

–Normally thick, sticky cervical mucus thins in response to rising estrogen (allows sperm passage)

–Ovulation occurs at end of proliferative phase

102
Q

What happens during the Secretory phase (Days 15 – 28)?

A

–Endometrium prepares for embryo

–Rising progesterone levels prompt:

  • Functional layer à secretory mucosa
  • Endometrial glands secrete nutrients
  • Formation of cervical mucus plug
103
Q

What are the effects of estrogen hormone?

A
  • Promote oogenesis and follicle growth in ovary
  • Induce secondary sex characteristics:

–Growth of breasts

–Increased deposit of subcutaneous fat (hips and breasts)

–Widening and lightening of pelvis

•Metabolic effects (not true secondary sex characteristics)

–Maintain low total blood cholesterol and high HDL levels

–Facilitate calcium uptake

104
Q

What are the effects of progesterone?

A
  • Progesterone works with estrogen to establish and regulate uterine cycle
  • Promotes changes in cervical mucus
  • Effects of placental progesterone during pregnancy:
105
Q

What is menopause?

A

•Has occurred when menses have ceased for an entire year

106
Q

Treatment with estrogen-progesterone preparations given for years, why not longer?

A

–Smallest doses for shortest time alright to reduce symptoms if no breast cancer or mutated BRCA gene

107
Q

What is gestation?

A

Pregnancy

108
Q

How long is average gestation?

A

266 days

109
Q

How do we predict due date?

A

280 days (40 weeks) from last menstrual period

110
Q

what are trimesters

A

three months intervals of the pregnancy

111
Q

What is conceptus?

A

all products of conception: the embryo
or fetus, the placenta, and associated membranes

112
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

the developing individual is a hollow ball for
the first 2 weeks

113
Q

What is an embryo?

A

from day 16 through week 8

114
Q

What is a fetus?

A

from beginning of week 9 to birth

115
Q

What is a neonate?

A

newborn to 6 weeks

116
Q

which are the hormones with the greatest influence on pregnancy?

A

– Estrogens
– Progesterone
– Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

117
Q

Where are the pregnancy hormones primarily secreted from?

A

placenta

118
Q

during which month does the fetus usually turn head down?

A

7th

119
Q

what is parturition?

A

Process of giving birth

120
Q

Name one factor in the pattern of increasing contractility during labor

A

Progesterone and estradiol

121
Q

How does oxytocin promote labour

A

• Directly stimulates muscles of myometrium
• Stimulates fetal membranes to produce prostaglandins,
which are synergists of oxytocin in producing labor
contractions

122
Q

What are the three stages of labor?

A

Dilation
– Expulsion
– Placental stage

123
Q

What is puerpireum?

A

First six weeks after birth

Bio 151 (12 decks)

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