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Bio 151 > Chapter 19 > Flashcards

Chapter 19 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major divisions of the circulatory system?

A

Pulmonary circuit

Systemic Circuit

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2
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit?

A

The right side of the heart

Carries blood to lungs for gas exchange and back to heart

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3
Q

What is the systemic circuit?

A

Left side of the heart

Supplies oxygenated blood to all tissues of the body and returns it to the heart

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4
Q

Where is the heart located ?

A

In the mediastinum between the lungs

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5
Q

What is the base of the heart?

A

The wide superior portion of heart.

Large vessels attach here

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6
Q

Where is the apex of the heart?

A

tapered inferior end that tilts to the left

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7
Q

How big is your heart?

A

Size of your fist

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8
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

A double walled sac that encloses the heart

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9
Q

What are the functions of the pericardium?

A

Allows heart to beat without friction

Anchored to the diaphragm and sternum

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10
Q

What is the parietal pericardium?

A

Pericardial sac (outer layer of pericardium)
superficial fibrous layer of connective tissue
Deep thin serous layer

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11
Q

What is the visceral pericardium? (epicardium)

A

Inner layer of pericardium

serous membrane covering heart

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12
Q

what is the pericardial cavity?

A

Space inside the pericardial sac filled with pericardial fluid

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13
Q

What is pericarditis

A

Painful inflammation of the pericardial membranes

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14
Q

what are the layers of the heart wall?

A

Epicardium
Endocardium
Myocardium

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15
Q

What is the Epicardium (Visceral pericardium)?

A

Serous membrane covering the heart

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16
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

Smooth inner lining of heart and blood vessels

Covers valve surfaces and is continuous with endothelium of blood vessels

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17
Q

What is myocardium?

A

Layer of cardiac muscle proportional to work load

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18
Q

What is the fibrous skeleton of the heart?

A

framework of collagenous and elastic fibers

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19
Q

What is the function of the Right and left atria?

A

Receive blood returning to heart

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20
Q

what is the function of the right and left ventricle?

A

pump blood into arteries

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21
Q

What are auricles?

A

enlarge the chamber

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22
Q

What is the atrioventricular sulcus?

A

Separates the atria and ventricles

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23
Q

What is the interventricular sulcus?

A

Overlies the interventricular septum that divides the right ventricle from the left

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24
Q

What are sulci?

A

They contain coronary arteries

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25
Q

Interatrial septum

A

Wall that separates atria

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26
Q

Pectinate muscles

A

internal ridges of myocardium in right atrium and both auricles

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27
Q

Interventricular septum

A

muscular wall that separates ventricles

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28
Q

Trabeculae carnae

A

internal ridges in both ventricles

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29
Q

Function of trabeculae carneae

A

prevent ventricle walls from sticking together after contraction

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30
Q

Purpose of valves in heart

A

ensure one way flow of blood through heart

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31
Q

Atrioventricular valves (AV)

A

control flow of blood between atria and ventricles

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32
Q

Other name for right AV valve

A

Tricuspid valve

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33
Q

other name for left AV valve

A

Mitral valve/bicuspid

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34
Q

What are chordae tendinae?

A

chords that connect AV valves to papillary muscles on floor of ventricles

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35
Q

function of Semilunar valves

A

control flow in to great arteries

open and close because of blood flow and pressure

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36
Q

Where is the Pulmonary semilunar valve?

A

in opening between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

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37
Q

Where is the Aortic semilunar valve?

A

In opening between left ventricle and aorta

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38
Q

What is the coronary circulation ?

A

The 5% of the Blood pumped to the heart itself to sustain itself

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39
Q

What is the left coronary article?

A

Branches off the ascending aorta

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40
Q

Anterior interventricular branch

A

supplies blood to both ventricles

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41
Q

Circumflex branch

A

passes around the left side of the heart

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42
Q

Right coronary artery

A

Also branches off ascending aorta

supplies right atrium and SA node (pacemaker)

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43
Q

What is a myocardial infarction?

A

Heart attack

due to interruption of blood supply to the heart

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44
Q

How can arterial anastomoses provide protection from MI?

A

Because it provides alternative routes for blood the heart

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45
Q

What is Atheroma?

A

blood clot or fatty deposit often obstructs coronary arteries

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46
Q

what is angina pectoris?

A

chest pain from partial obstruction of coronary heart flow

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47
Q

What are interdigitating folds?

A

folds that interlock with eachother and increase surface area.

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48
Q

What is cardiac muscle made up of?

A 
Striated cardiocytes
intercalated discs
interdigitating folds
mechanical junctions
electrical junctions
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49
Q

What are mechanical junctions?

A

They tightly join cardiocytes with fascia adherens and desmosomes

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50
Q

What are electrical junctions?

A

gap junctions that allow ions to flow between cells and stimulate their neighbours

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51
Q

Cardiac muscle depends almost exclusively on which type of respiration to make ATP?

A

Aerobic

uses oxygen to burn sugars

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52
Q

Mitochondria of cardiac muscle take up what percentage of the cell?

A

25%

53
Q

Cardiac muscle is fatigue resistant because….

A

it makes little use of anaerobic fermentation or oxygen debt mechanisms

54
Q

What is the function of the conduction system?

A

It coordinates the heartbeat of the heart

55
Q

What is the anatomy of the conduction system?

A

It is composed of an internal pacemaker and nerve like conduction pathways through myocardium

56
Q

What effect does the sympathetic nerve system have on the heart?

A

Sympathetic nerves increase heart rate and contraction strength

57
Q

What effect does parasympathetic nerve system have on the heart?

A

Parasympathetic nerves slow heart rate

58
Q

What is the pathway of parasympathetic nerves to heart

A

begins with vagus nerves in medulla oblongata

59
Q

What is systole

A

contraction (usually of ventricles)

60
Q

What is diastole?

A

relaxation (usually of ventricles)

61
Q

What is sinus rhythm?

A

normal heartbeat triggered by SA node.

62
Q

What is normal resting heart rate?

A

70-80BPM

63
Q

What is another name for resting heart rate?

A

Vagal tone

64
Q

What is an ectopic focus?

A

A region of spontaneous firing other than the SA node

65
Q

Can an ectopic focus take over heart rhythm?

A

it can do if SA node is damaged, but not for long.

66
Q

What is nodal rhythm ?

A

If SA node is damaged, heart rate is set by AV node at 40-50 bpm

67
Q

Does the SA node have a stable resting membrane potential?

A

No.

it starts at -60 and drifts upwards due to slow sodium influx

68
Q

What is pacemaker potential ?

A

gradual depolarization of the membrane potential in SA node

69
Q

What happens when SA node reaches threshold of -40mV?

A

voltage gated fast CA2+ and NA+ channels open

Depolarization occurs peaking at 0mV

70
Q

What causes depolarization of SA node?

A

K+ channels open and k+ leaves the cell

71
Q

What is the effect of SA node firing?

A

it sets off a heartbeat

72
Q

What is pacemaker physiology?

A

Physiology of the SA node

73
Q

What are the three phases of cardiocytes?

A

depolarization
plateau
repolarization

74
Q

Do cardiocytes have a stable resting potential?

A

yes- it is -90mV

75
Q

why is the refractory period for cardiocytes long and absolute?

A

prevents wave summation and tetanus which would stop pumping action of the heart

76
Q

What is an ECG/EKG

A

Electrocardiogram

77
Q

What does an Electrocardiogram measure?

A

composite action of all potentials of nodal and myocardial cells detected, amplified and recorded by electrodes on arms legs and chest

78
Q

What does the P wave represent?

A

SA node fires
atria depolarize
Atrial systole

79
Q

What does the QRS complex represent?

A

Ventricular depolarization

80
Q

What does ST segment represent?

A

Ventricular systole

81
Q

What does the T wave represent?

A

Ventricular repolarization and relaxation

82
Q

What should the interval be between R and R on an EKG?

A

0.8 seconds

83
Q

Deviations of EKG from normal can indicate?

A

Myocardia infarction
Abnormalities in conduction pathways
Heart enlargement
Electrolyte and hormone imbalance

84
Q

What is ventricular fibrillation?

A

Serious arrythmia caused by electrical signals travelling randomly

85
Q

What is defibrillation used for?

A

Its a strong electrical shock with intent to depolarize the entire myocardium and reset heart to sinus rhythm

86
Q

What is the cardiac cycle

A

one complete contraction and relaxation of all four chambers of the heart

87
Q

What are the two main principles that govern fluid movement?

A

Pressure causes flow

Resistance opposes it

88
Q

Fluid will only flow if there is a…..

A

Pressure gradient

89
Q

opening and closing of heart valves are governed by

A

pressure in the heart changes

90
Q

What is valvular insufficiency?

A

any failure of a valve to prevent reflux

91
Q

What is valvular stenosis?

A

cusps are stiffened and opening is constricted by scar tissue from rheumatic fever

92
Q

What is a heart murmur?

A

abnormal heart sound produced by regurgitation of blood through incompetent valves

93
Q

What is a mitral valve prolapse?

A

insufficiency in which one or both mitral valve cusps bulge into atria during ventricular contraction

94
Q

What is auscultation

A

listening to sounds made by body

95
Q

What is S1?

A

first heart sound
loud and long
lubb
occurs when AV valves close

96
Q

What is S2?

A

Second heart sound
softer and sharper dupp
occurs with closure of semilunar valves

97
Q

what is s3?

A

Third heart sound, rarely heard in people over 30

98
Q

What are the four phases of the cardiac cycle?

A

Ventricular filling
isovolumetric contraction
ventricular ejection
isovolumetric relaxation

99
Q

What is ventricular filling phase of cardiac cycle?

A

Ventricles expand and their pressure drops below that of atria
AV valves open and blood flows in

100
Q

What is isovolumetric contraction phase of cardiac cycle?

A

Atria repolarize and remain in diastole for rest of cycle
S1 sound
Ventricles depolarize
AV valves close

101
Q

What is ventricular ejection phase of cardiac cycle?

A

Ventricular pressure exceeds arterial pressure and Semilunar valves open

102
Q

What is isovolumetric relaxation phase of cardiac cycle?

A

Ventricles begin to expand
semilunar valves close
heart sound s2 occurs

103
Q

Normally right and left side of heart eject …….volume of blood

A

The same

104
Q

Congestive heart failure is

A

result of failure of either ventricle to eject blood effectively

105
Q

Left ventricular failure

A

blood backs up in to the lungs causing pulmonary edema

106
Q

Right ventricular failure

A

Blood backs up in the Vena Cava and causes systemic or generalized edema

107
Q

Failure of either ventricle eventually leads to

A

total heart failure

108
Q

What is cardiac output (CO)?

A

amount ejected by each ventricle in 1 minute

109
Q

Formula for cardiac output

A

heart rate x stroke volume

110
Q

cardiac reserve

A

difference between maximum and resting CO

111
Q

what is tachycardia?

A

resting adult heart rate over 100 bpm

112
Q

what is bradycardia?

A

resting adult heart rate of less than 60 bpm

113
Q

What is pulse?

A

surge of pressure produced by heart beat that can be felt by palpating a superficial artery

114
Q

ANS does not initiate heartbeat it….

A

modulates rhythm and force

115
Q

What are positive chronotropic agents?

A

factors that raise the heart rate

116
Q

What are negative chronotropic agents/

A

factors that lower the heart rate

117
Q

Medulla oblongata initiates …..

A

autonomic output of the heart

118
Q

Medulla receives input from

A

proprioceptors in muscles and joints

119
Q

3 variables that govern stroke volume

A

preload
contractility
afterload

120
Q

increased preload or contractility

A

increases stroke volume

121
Q

increased afterload

A

decreases stroke volume

122
Q

what is preload

A

Amount of tension in ventricular myocardium immediately before it begins to contract

123
Q

Frank starling law of heart

A

SV is proportional to end diastolic volume

124
Q

What is hyperkalemia?

A

excess in K+

heart rate slows and becomes irregular

125
Q

What is hypokalemia

A

deficiency in K+

cells hyperpolarized and require increased stimulation

126
Q

What is Hypercalcemia?

A

excess of calcium decreases heart rate and contraction strength

127
Q

What is hypocalcemia?

A

deficiency of calcium increases heart rate and contraction strength

128
Q

What is contractility?

A

refers to how hard the myocardium contracts for a given preload

129
Q

What is afterload?

A

sum of all forces opposing ejection of blood ventricle

Bio 151 (12 decks)

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