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Anatomy 151 > Ch. 26 Urinary System > Flashcards

Ch. 26 Urinary System Flashcards

(116 cards)

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1
Q

Functions of Urinary System(4)⭐️

A

-Excretes waste products
-Kidneys filters blood to remove nitrogenous waste from urine
-Urine consists of excess water, excess ions, metabolic wastes & urea
-Regulation of extracellular fluid pH by secreting H+.

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2
Q

What does Urinary System regulate(2)⭐️

A

-Regulation of Red blood cell synthesis by secreting Erythropoietin.
-Regulation of Vitamin D synthesis to help regulate blood Ca2+ levels.

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3
Q

T/F Erythropoietin is produced in red bone marrow⭐️

A

False, in kidneys

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4
Q

Overall functions of Urinary System(KUUbU)⭐️

A

-Kidneys: produces urine
-Ureter: transport urine from the
kidney to the urinary bladder(tube)
-Urinary bladder: store urine in the
body
-Urethra: release urine out of the
body

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5
Q

Shape & Location of the kidneys⭐️

A

Retroperitoneal bean-shaped organs, found behind the peritoneum region. Left kidney is higher than right

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6
Q

Why is right kidney lower than left kidney?⭐️

A

Because of the liver, right kidney is pushed down

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7
Q

Where do the nitrogenous waste products in urine come from⭐️

A

Protein

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8
Q

ToF: Once urine is drained from kidney, the contents of the urine CAN be altered

A

False

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9
Q

Location & shape of Urinary Bladder⭐️

A

hollow muscular organ located in pelvic cavity

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10
Q

Vitamin D is initiated in the __ of the integumentary system, travels to the liver of the __ system, and becomes activated by the __ in the __ system

A

skin, digestive, kidneys, urinary

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11
Q

2 structures that ENTER renal hilum⭐️

A

Renal artery
Renal nerve

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12
Q

2 structures that EXIT renal hilum⭐️

A

Ureter
Renal vein

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13
Q

What engulfs the renal capsule and provides cushioning(t)⭐️

A

Adipose tissue

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14
Q

What is on the superior aspect of the kidneys⭐️

A

Adrenal(suprarenal) glands

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15
Q

What lies deep to the renal capsule

A

Renal cortex

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16
Q

What lies deep to the renal cortex

A

Renal medulla

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17
Q

What is the most basic path of urine (4)

A

Kidneys, ureter, Urinary bladder, then urethra

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18
Q

What is formed by the merging of the major calyces?

A

Renal pelvis

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19
Q

2 Calyces (Minor & Major)

A

• Minor calyx: Papillae extend into funnel of
minor calyx.
• Major calyx: Converge to form renal pelvis.

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20
Q

What is the area between renal pyramids called (extends into medulla but made from cortical tissue)

A

Renal columns

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21
Q

What is the most basic functional unit of the kidney⭐️

A

Nephron

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22
Q

What is the first capillary network mentioned in class located in the renal corpuscle⭐️

A

Glomerulus

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23
Q

Which cells have several foot processes that wrap around the glomerulus?⭐️

A

Podocyte

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24
Q

What is the outermost structure of the renal corpuscle called?😭

A

Bowman’s Capsule

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25
Which of the tubular structures continues right after the glomerulus?⭐️
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
26
Blood vessel that drains blood INTO glomerulus(aa)⭐️
Afferent arteriole
27
Blood vessel that drains glomerulus⭐️
Efferent Arteriole
28
Space between glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule⭐️
Bowman’s space
29
1st capillary network⭐️
Glomerulus
30
What are the 4 parts of the Loop of Henle from proximal to distal⭐️
thick descending, ⬇️ thin descending, ⬇️ thin ascending, ⬆️ thick ascending⬆️
31
Which tubule continues after the Loop of Henle⭐️
distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
32
What tubule is located between the DCT and minor calyx⭐️
Collecting duct (CD)
33
What is the more complex path of urine produced by the nephron (11)
renal corpuscle (glomerulus), proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
34
In the kidney, where is the renal corpuscle located
Cortex
35
Where is the Loop of Henle (all 4 parts) located
Medulla
36
Where is the PCT & DCT located
Cortex
37
Where is the CD located
Medulla
38
Once the kidneys start filtration, the fluid becomes and stays filtrate until it becomes urine where?
after exiting the collecting duct
39
Which blood vessel sends blood into the glomerulus
Afferent Arterioles
40
Which blood vessel has blood exiting the glomerulus
Efferent Arterioles
41
What is the second capillary network mentioned in class (formed from the efferent arterioles wrapping around the whole nephron)?
peritubular capillaries
42
T/F Afferent arterioles will give rise to the peritubular capillaries directly
False, efferent will
43
What do afferent arterioles give rise to directly
Glomerulus
44
Which nephrons have shorter Loops of Henle
Cortical nephrons
45
Which nephrons have longer Loops of Henle that extend deep into the medulla
Juxtamedullary nephrons
46
What is the first process of urine formation that starts in the renal corpuscle⭐️
Filtration @ renal corpuscle
47
What is the second process of urine formation that follows the tubular network but moves back into the peritubular capillaries⭐️
Tubular reabsorption
48
What is the third process of urine formation that follows the peritubular capillaries and moves into the tubular network
Tubular secretion
49
What are the cells around afferent arterioles?
juxtaglomerular cells
50
The 2 renal tubular structures that do not occur in renal corpuscle?⭐️
Tubular secretion and tubular reabsorption
51
What is the function of juxtaglomerular cells⭐️
Produces renin
52
What is the funtion of mascula densa cells?(o)⭐️
Detects osmolality (concentration of solutes in a solution) • Increase in osmolality: Na+ increase; volume decrease • Decrease in osmolality: Na+ decrease; volume increase
53
Which cells are found in the DCT⭐️
Macula densa cells
54
What ion is the most common solute found in the fluid portion at the DCT?
Na / Sodium
55
An increase in osmolality is associated with what⭐️
dehydration and decreased blood volume and blood pressure
56
A decrease in osmolality is associated with what(water)
Over hydration
57
T/F Macula densa cells detect decreased levels of BP and BV, and juxtaglomerular cells solve that problem⭐️
True
58
What is fluid formed as a result of filtration called
Filtrate
59
What are the window-like openings in the glomerular capillary endothelial cells that form the filtration membrane
Femestrae
60
What is the path of blood flow into the kidneys coming from the abdominal aorta (RaSaIaAaIaAaGEaPcVr)⭐️
renal artery, segmental artery, interlobar artery, arcuate artery, interlobular artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, and vasa recta
61
What is another name for interlobular artery(CRA)
cortical radiate artery
62
What is the path of blood flow out of the kidneys starting from the vasa recta (Vr,Iv,Av,Iv,Sv,Rv,Ivc)
vasa recta, interlobular vein, arcuate vein, interlobar vein, segmental vein, renal vein, and inferior vena cava
63
T/F Vasa recta and peritubular capillaries can feed into the interlobular vein⭐️
True
64
Name the 3 pressures that are needed for filtration to occur from highest to lowest pressure (Gcp,Bcop,Chp)
glomerular capillary pressure, blood colloid osmotic pressure, and capsule hydrostatic pressure
65
For blood colloid osmotic pressure, the pressure is caused by proteins in the blood. What proteins are these?⭐️
Albumins
66
How do you find filtration pressure (mm Hg)⭐️
GCP - CHP - BCOP
67
What type of pressure is GCP?
Pushing pressure
68
What type of pressure is BCOP?
Pulling pressure
69
How do you find the renal blood flow rate?
cardiac output x renal fraction
70
How do you find cardiac output
heartrate x stroke volume
71
What is the average renal fraction
21%
72
How do you find the glomerular filtration rate
renal plasma flow rate x filtration fraction
73
What is the average filtration fraction
19%
74
When the afferent arterioles are vasoconstricted, the blood flow into the glomerulus __, and the glomerular filtration rate __
decreases, decreases
75
When the afferent arterioles are vasodilated, the blood flow into the glomerulus __, and the glomerular filtration rate __
increases, increases
76
When the efferent arterioles are vasoconstricted, the blood flow into the glomerulus __, and the glomerular filtration rate __
decreases, increases
77
When the efferent arterioles are vasodilated, the blood flow into the glomerulus __, and the glomerular filtration rate __
increases, decreases
78
What is the workhorse of the nephron, and is the site of the greatest reabsorption
PCT
79
99% of __ is reabsorbed in the PCT
Glucose
80
When glucose persistently shows up in urine what issue arises
diabetes mellitus
81
The Loop of Henle is what type of mechanism
Countercurrent mechanism
82
Which part of the Loop of Henle is impermeable to water
Ascending LoH
83
Which areas can reabsorb water when there are no hormones present(2)
PCT and Descending Loop of Henle
84
Which areas can reabsorb water even when there are hormones present(4)
PCT, Loop of Henle, late DCT, and CD
85
Which 2 hormones allow the late DCT and CD to reabsorb water
ADH and aldosterone
86
What hormone is produced when atrial stretching occurs (BV/BP are high) (ANH)
atrial natriuretic hormone
87
ANH inhibits __ so that atrial stretching and BV/BP decrease
Angiotensin II
88
ANH inhibits __ and ADH which results in no water reabsorption in the late DCT and CD
Aldosterone
89
T/F ADH and aldosterone can reabsorb free water⭐️
false, aldosterone must reabsorb sodium first before it can reabsorb water
90
The urinary bladder has transitional epithelium that goes from stratified __ when empty to stratified __ when full
Cuboidal, squamous
91
What makes up the trigone of the urinary bladder(3)
2 ureter openings Urethral opening
92
What 3 portions from proximal to distal make up the male urethra
prostatic urethra, (proximal) membranous urethra, penile (spongy) urethra (distal)
93
Patient being stabilized… ADH high or low? What urine?
High Concentrated
94
What is another name for the urination process
micturition reflex
95
T/F The LoH has high osmolality in the descending portion and low osmolality in the ascending portion
Trye
96
Intracellular fluid (ICF) is found where
Cytoplasm of cell
97
What fluid is found outside the cell in places like tissues, blood vessels, and synovial joints
extracellular fluid (ECF)
98
T/F There is more ECF than ICF in the body
False, ICF is double more
99
2 sphincters and muscle type
Internal Urinary S - Smooth External Urinary S - skeletal
100
ToF: FEMALE urethra is for urinary purposes only
True
101
Diff: MALE urethra used for both Urinary and reproduction
True
102
Diff: In females, urethra is one portion
True
103
In the urinary system, Vitamin D is activated in…
Kidneys
104
The renal artery gives rise to the…(artery)
Segmental artery
105
T/F: The afferent arteriole gave rise to the peritubular capillaries.
False
106
The foot processes of these are found wrapped around the glomerulus.
Podocytes
107
The macula densa cells are located here
DCT
108
T/F: As the afferent arteriole vasoconstricts, the blood flow increases to the glomerulus
False
109
Reabsorption of glucose occurs here in the nephron.
PCT
110
Aldosterone have an effect on this part of the nephron.
Collecting duct
111
This type of epithelium is found in the urinary bladder
Transitional epithelium
112
Aldosterone is produced here
Adrenal gland
113
The penile is located at
Corpus spongiosum
114
The glans penis is part of this
Corpus spongiosum
115
The ejaculatory gland is located here
Prostate gland
116
Sperm cells are produced here
Seminiferous tubule

Anatomy 151 (12 decks)

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