Ch.24 Digestive System Flashcards by Jibran Qureshi

Structures of Digestive System(4)⭐️

-Ingestion of Food
-Digestion of Food into nutrients
-Absorption of Nutrients
-Removal of wastes(fecal matter)

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2 Types of Digestion & meaning⭐️

• Mechanical: breaks large food particles to small (chewing)
• Chemical: breaking of covalent bonds by digestive enzymes (chewing w/ saliva)

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Major Digestive Organs(OcPESSiLiRA)⭐️

Oral Cavity(mouth), Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum, Anus

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Accessory Digestive Organs(SgLGbP)⭐️

Salivary glands, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas
also: tongue, teeth, & secrete glands

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Digestive Tract

Tube from mouth to anus, MD organs, also Gastrointestinal Tract or GI Tract

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Subunits of Carbs, Proteins, Lipids

C- Monosaccharides
P- Amino Acids
L- Glycerol attached to fatty acids (Triglycerides)

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Swallowing of food⭐️

Deglutition

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Functions of Digestive System(7)⭐️

Ingestion: food into oral cavity/mouth
Mastication: process of chewing
Propulsion: food into GI Tract
Mixing: movement of food back & forth
Secretion: lubricate, liquefy, digest
Digestion, Absorption, & Elimination

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Type of movement in large intestine

Mass movement of mixing waves in stomach

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The Sequence of Secretion (lubricate, liquify, digest)

Mucus lubricates
Water liquifies
Enzymes digest

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Digestive Tract food process between 1:oral cavity and 2:pharynx (Peristalsis)⭐️

Bolus of food

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DT: Portions of 2:Pharynx (2)⭐️

3)Oropharynx
4)Laryngopharynx

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DT: Sphincter between 5:Esophagus & 6:Stomach ⭐️

Cardiac Sphincter (involuntary control)

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DT: Sphincter between 6:Stomach & (Small intestine) 7: Duodenum⭐️

Pyloric Sphincter (involuntary control)

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DT: Portions of Small Intestine⭐️

7: Duodenum (proximal)
8: Jejunum (middle)
9: Ileum (distal)

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DT: Food process between 7: Duodenum & 8: Jejunum ⭐️

Chyme

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Portions of Large Intestine(10) ⭐️
(C,Ac,Tc,Dc,Hf,Sf,Sc,R,Ac,A)

10:Cecum 11: Ascending Colon
12: Transverse Colon 13: Descending Colon 14: Hepatic fixture 15: Splenic fixture 16: Sigmoid colon 17:Rectum
18: Anal canal 19: Anus

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DT:Sphincter between (small intestine) 9:Ileum and 10: Cecum

Ileocecal sphincter (involuntary control)

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DT: Food portion btw 13: Descending colon and 14: Sigmoid colon⭐️

Fecal matter

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Duct T: Makes up the Biliary Tract near 7:Duodenum(3)⭐️

Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas

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Where is colon cancer normally in⭐️

Large intestine

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DT:Bend between Ascending colon & Transverse colon⭐️

14:Hepatic Fixure (Right colonic flexure)

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DT: Bend between Transverse colon and descending colon⭐️

15:Splenic flexure (left colonic flexure)

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ToF: The Biliary Tract is part of Digestive Tract⭐️

False

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5 major sphincters⭐️

Cardiac, Pyloric, Ileocecal, Internal anal, External anal

Another word for Cardiac Sphincter⭐️

Lower Esophageal Sphincter

What makes the stomach so acidic?⭐️

HCl (hydrochloric acid)

PH of stomach(HCl)⭐️

DT: Deeper Sphincter between Rectum and Anus⭐️

Internal Anal Sphincter (involuntary control)

DT: Superficial Sphincter between Rectum and Anus⭐️

External Anal Sphincter (voluntary control)

Only Sphincter with voluntary control⭐️

External Anal Sphincter

DT: Food Process Order ⭐️

Bolus of food 👉🏽 Chyme 👉🏽 Fecal matter

Layers in Mucosa (3)

Epithelium (innermost) Lamina Propria (middle) Muscularis mucosae (outermost)

Found In Submucosa layer

Submucosa glands

Found in Muscularis Externa(3)⭐️

Inner Oblique muscle layer Middle Circular muscle layer Outer Longitudinal muscle layer

Found in Serosa(2)⭐️

Connective tissue layer Simple squamous epithelium

Exception of having smooth muscle in Muscularis externa⭐️

Esophagus (1/3) not smooth(striated)

ToF: Esophagus contains both striated and smooth muscles ⭐️

True, top 1/3 is striated

Portions of Esophagus⭐️

1/3: striated ———————————————— 2/3: transitioning zone (to smooth) 3/3: smooth muscle

Digestive Tract Histology from Deepest to Superficial layer

Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis externa, Serosa

4 Mesenteries in Peritoneum⭐️

Greater Omentum Lesser Omentum Mesentary proper Mesocolon

In Chemical regulation, what increases HCl secretion?

Gastrin

Stimulate pancreas to release bicarbonates to neutralize acid(s)

Secretin

Location of Lesser Omentum

Inferior aspect of liver & extends to medial curvature of stomach

Location of Greater Omentum

In between lateral curvature of Stomach & Transverse colon

Location of Mesocolon

Found in between portions of Large intestine & posterior wall of Abdomen, around transverse colon

Location of Mesentery proper (ac)⭐️

Small intestine against posterior wall of abdominal/abdomen cavity

Portions of the Oral Cavity(Anterior, Posterior, Superior, Inferior,Lateral)⭐️

Ant- lips Post- fauces (opening of pharynx) Sup- hard & soft palate INF- tongue Lat- buccinator

What cranial nerve for tongue movement?⭐️

Hypoglossal

What anterior nerve deals with taste buds?

Facial nerve

Posterior taste bud nerve is ⭐️

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Base of tongue nerve⭐️

Vegus nerve

Two sets of teeth & number

-Primary,Childhood,Deciduous(20) -Secondary,Permeant(32)

Types and numbers in EACH quadrant⭐️

• Incisors (2): Central and lateral • Canines (1) • Premolars (2): 1st and 2nd • Molars (3): 1st, 2nd, and 3rd

What tooth is considered wisdom tooth?⭐️

3rd Molar

Tooth: Outermost layer of anatomical crown. Non-living; acellular. Protective.

Enamel

Tooth: living, cellular, calcified tissue

Dentin

Tooth: hold tooth in socket

Periodontal ligament

What are the 3 pairs of salivary glands from largest to smallest⭐️

parotid, submandibular, and sublingual

What is the hollow J-shape muscular organ?⭐️

Stomach

What prevents food from entering the nasal cavity?

Soft palate

When the cardiac sphincter opening is not tightly closed what happens?⭐️

Acid reflux(heartburn)

Stomach: Esophagus opens into this part (beginning)

Cardia

Stomach: To the left and above the cardia

Fundus

Stomach: largest part with greater and lesser curvatures

Body

Stomach: pyloric antrum (widest part) and pyloric canal – opens into the small intestine through the pyloric orifice.

Pylorus

Ridges in stomach⭐️

Rugae

Name for Grooves in stomach⭐️

Gastric pits

What is GERD⭐️

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Gastro-eso-phageal

Esophagus: Produces Mucus

Mucous producing cells

Stomach: Produce Mucus ⭐️

Mucus producing cells

Stomach: Produce Pepsinogen(bc of HCl)⭐️

Chief Cells

Stomach: Produces Hydrochloric acid(HCl) & Intrinsic Factor(IF)⭐️

Parietal cells

Stomach: Produces histamine that binds to H2 receptors(increase HCl production)⭐️

ECL cells Enterochromaffin-like(ECL)

Stomach: Produces Gastrin(increase HCl production) ⭐️

G Cells

Stomach: Produces Somatostatin (DECREASES HCl production)⭐️

Delta Cells (&)

Stomach: Binds w/ vitamin B12(If)⭐️

Intrinsic Factor in Parietal cells

ToF: Histamine will increase HCl production⭐️

True

Function of HCl: Chief cells(3)⭐️

• Kills bacteria • Denatures proteins • Helps convert pepsinogen to pepsin

Which stomach curvature is medial⭐️

Lesser curvature

The presence of HCl acid turns on inactive pepsinogen to what⭐️

Active pepsin

EC: Gastric/peptic/duodenal ulcers are all most commonly caused by a bacteria. What bacteria is it (underline when writing)⭐️

Helicobactor pylori (underline) —————— ——- Helico-bactor py-lori

Which phase of stomach regulation is activated by the sight, smell, and anticipation of food⭐️

Cephalic Phase/ 1st phase

Which phase of stomach regulation has a continued production of HCl acid so it can digest food⭐️

Gastric phase /2nd phase

Which phase of stomach regulation begins emptying food into the duodenum and now decreases HCl production⭐️

Intestinal phase/ 3rd phase

T/F If HCl production decreases, that means somatostatin levels are high⭐️

True

What are the ridges and grooves called in the small intestine⭐️

plicae circulares

Small Intestine: produce mucus⭐️

Goblet cells

Small Intestine: immune cells⭐️

Paneth cells

Small Intestine: Produce Secretin, decrease HCI production, and promote bicarbonate ion secretion⭐️

S Cells

Which cells in the small intestine produce Cholecystokinin (CCK)⭐️

I Cells

Absorbs majority of nutrients⭐️

Small intestine

The __ produces bile, which gets sent to the __ to become concentrated and released into the __ by the biliary tract

Liver, gallbladder, duodenum

This causes contractions in gallbladder⭐️

Cholecystokinin

Liver: Lobes on the anterior view⭐️

Right lobe Left lobe

Liver: Separates the right lobe and left lobe⭐️

Falciform ligament

Liver: Lobes in Inferior view (4)⭐️

Quad rate lobe Right lobe Caudate lobe Left Lobe

Liver: Produces Bile(H) ⭐️

Hepatocyte

Liver: Where is Bile concentrated?⭐️

Gallbladder

Liver: Hepatic phagocytes ⭐️

Kupffer Cells

Liver: Makes up portal triad⭐️(3)

Hepatic duct Hepatic portal vein Hepatic artery

Functions of Liver(5)⭐️

-Bile Production(bile salts emulsify liquid) -Storage of nutrients -Processing of nutrients -Detoxification -Synthesis of new molecules

Nutrients the liver stores

Glycogen, fats, Vitamins A, B12, D, E, K

Nutrient that the liver hydroxylates⭐️

Vitamin D

Gallbladder stone located in the common bile duct⭐️

Choledocholithiasis

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?⭐️

Produce digestive enzymes

Pancreas: Produce Glucagon / Endocrine function⭐️

Alpha cell

Pancreas: Produce insulin⭐️

Beta Cell

Pancreas: produce somatostatin⭐️

Delta cell

Pancreas: converts Trysinogen to Trypsin ⭐️

Enterokinase

Pancreas: converts Chymotrypsinogen to Chymotrysin & Procarboxypeptidase to Carboxypeptidase⭐️

Trypsin

Purpose of Pancreatic amylase & Pancreatic lipase⭐️

PA- digest carbs PL- digest fat/lipids

In Pancreas, what duct merges w/ common bile duct⭐️

Main pancreatic duct

BT: Common hepatic duct + cystic duct =

Common bile duct

Large Intestine functions(3)⭐️

-Reabsorb water from fecal matter -Form fecal matter -Contain bacteria then produce vitamin K

Components of micelle(2)

Bile salts & fatty acids

Components of chylomicron⭐️

Protein coat & lipidd

What is a protein coated lipid?⭐️

Lipoprotein