CH # 27: Cardiopulmonary Procedures Flashcards by Mary Best

Refers 2 amount, extent, size, abundance or fullness (of a sign wave)

Amplitude

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Additional electrical activity picked up by the EKG that interferes w/the normal appearance of the EKG cycles

There r 4 types:

muscle
wandering baseline
60 cycle interference
interrupted baseline

Artifacts

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Buildup of fibrous plaques of fatty clots and cholesterol on the inner walls of an artery that causes narrowing, obstruction and hardening of the artery

Athrosclerosis

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The flat horizontal line that separates the various waves of the EKG cycle

Baseline

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1 complete heartbeat

Cardiac cycle

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2 names 4 an irregular heart rate or rhythm

There r 3 types:

extra beats
abnormal rhythm
abnormal heart rate

Dysrthythmia

Arrhythmia

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The graphic representation of a heartbeat

EKG cycle

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The graphic representation of the electrical activity of the heart

Electrocardiogram

ECG or EKG

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The instrument used to record the electrical activity of the heart

Electrocardiograph

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A conductor of electricity which is used 2 promote contact between the body and the electrocardiograph

The heart only gives off 0.1 mV - 0.3 mV so it is conducted through an amp 2 boost the signal in order 2 get a readable measurement

Electrode

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A chemical substance that promotes conduction of an electrical current

Electrolyte

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The number of liters of oxygen per minute that come out of an oxygen delivery system

Flow rate

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A decrease in the oxygen saturation of the blood

Hypoxemia

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A reduction in the oxygen supply 2 the tissues of the body

Hypoxia

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The length of a wave or a wave w/a segment

3 types:

PR interval
QT interval
baseline

Interval

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Deficiency of blood in a body part

Ischemia

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Refers 2 a EKG/ECG that is w/in normal limits

Normal sinus rhythm

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The administration of supplemental oxygen at concentration greater than room air 2 treat or prevent hypoxemia

Oxygen therapy

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The maximum volume of air that can b exhaled when the patient blows in2 a peak flow meter as forcefully and rapidly as possible

Segment

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An instrument 4 measuring air taken in2 and expelled from the lungs

This device records both the amount and speed of air being exhaled from the lungs

Spirometer

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Measurement of an individual’s breathing capacity by means of a spirometer

Indications 4 performing these tests r:
-patient’s that experiencing lung disfunction
-patients at high risk 4 lung disease due 2 environmental irritants
ex. Coal dust, exhaust fumes, asbestos…
-patients w/lung disease ex.asthma, emphysema…
-patients who r about 2 go through surgery (2 assess lung
performance during surgery)
-patients who need 2 b evaluated 4 a lung disability or impairment
4 a compensation program

Spirometry

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A continuous, high-pitched whistling musical sound heard particularly during exhalation and sometime during inhalation

Wheezing

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A part of the EKG wave cycle

Represents the electrical activity associated w/the contraction of the atria; aka atrial depolarization

P Wave

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A part of the EKG wave cycle

Represents the electrical activity associated w/contraction of the ventricles; aka ventricular depolarization

QRS Complex

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A part of the EKG wave cycle Represents the electrical recovery of the ventricles; aka ventricular repolarization Ventricular repolarization happens at the same time as atrial repolarization and masks the atrial repolarization during an EKG cycle

T Wave

A part of the EKG wave cycle This is a small wave that occasionally follows the T wave Its association is yet 2 b defined but may have something 2 do w/purkinje fibers or repolarization of the papillary muscles of the heart

U Wave

A part of the EKG cycle The portion of the EKG that occurs between 2 waves or EKG cycles 2 types: PR and ST

Segment

A type of segment w/in the EKG cycle Represents the time interval from the end of atrial depolarization 2 the beginning of ventricular depolarization

PR Segment

A type of segment w/in the EKG cycle Represents the time interval from the end of ventricular depolarization 2 the beginning of repolarization of the ventricles

ST Segment

A type of interval w/in the EKG cycle Represents the time interval from the beginning of the atrial depolarization 2 the beginning of the ventricular depolarization

PR Interval

A type of interval w/in the EKG cycle Represents the time interval from the beginning of ventricular depolarization 2 the end of repolarization of the ventricles

QT interval

A type of interval w/in the EKG cycle Comes after the T wave or U wave(if present) Represents the period when the entire heart returns 2 its resting or polarized state

Baseline

This is a quality control measure that insures that the EKG is calibrated 4 reliable and accurate recording and appears at the beginning and the end of a EKG strip The EKG machine allows 10 mV 2 enter the machine and should result in an upward deflection of 10 mm (or 2 large squares) If it's anything other than 10 mm, the machine needs 2 b recalibrated

Standardization Mark

The 1st 3 leads of a 12 lead EKG These leads w/the augmented leads create a "photograph" of the heart's activity from side 2 side and from top 2 bottom of the heart

Bipolar Leads

A bipolar lead Records the current between the right and left arms

Lead I

A bipolar lead Records the current between the right arm and the left leg Has the clearest signal of all the 12 leads so physicians will request a rhythm strip(a longer recording)

Lead II

A bipolar lead Records the current between left arm and left leg

Lead III

These 3 leads measure the current between the extremities except the right leg because RL is grounded These leads w/the bipolar leads create a "photograph" of the heart's activity from side 2 side and from top 2 bottom of the heart

Augmented Leads

An augmented lead that records the current between the left arm and a central point between the right and left left leg

aVL

An augmented lead that records the current between the right arm and a central point between the left arm and the left leg

aVR

An augmented lead that records the current between the left leg and a central point between the right and left arms

aVF

Leads V1 - V6 They record the voltage from the front 2 the back of the heart from a central point "inside" the heart 2 the point on the body where the electrode is placed Misplacement of leads I and II can alter the P and T waves giving a false positive reading 4 heart disease

Chest Leads

2 names 4 a diagnostic procedure that is used 2 evaluate the cardiovascular health of individuals w/known heart disease or at high risk of it This procedure is usually performed in a hospital under the direction of a cardiologist and a cardiac technician in case problems occur during the procedure This procedure involves the use of a treadmill and continuous EKG monitoring 2 evaluate the response of the heart 2 maximum or near maximum exertion

Cardiac Stress Test Exercise Tolerance Test

A procedure that employs the use of a radioactive material injected through an IV

Nuclear Cardiac Stress Test

A type of artifact Can b identified by its fuzzy, irregular baseline There r 2 types: voluntary and involuntary movement They can b caused by: - an apprehensive patient - patient discomfort - patient movement - a physical condition

Muscle Artifact

A type of artifact Happens when the flat horizontal line that separates the various waves of the EKG cycle is no longer flat due 2 fluctuations in the signal Can b caused by: - loose electrodes - dried out electrolyte - body oils, cremes or lotions on the skin - excessive movement of the chest during respiration

Wandering Baseline Artifact

2 names 4 a type of artifact that is caused by electrical interference The signal appears as small, straight, spiked lines that r consistent causing the baseline 2 b thick and unreadable Can b caused by: - lead wires not following body contour - other electrical equipment in the room - wiring in the structure or building - improper grounding of the EKG

60 Cycle Interference Artifact AC Artifact

A type of artifact that effects the baseline signal Most likely due 2 a defect in the equipment ex. frayed wire

Interrupted Baseline Artifact

2 names 4 a portable ambulatory monitoring system 4 the continuous recording of the electrical activity in the heart for 24 hours or longer Its purpose is 2 detect cardiac abnormalities or the effectiveness of medications or pacemakers during the patient's daily routine This device picks up electrical impulses from the heart by electrodes and transmits them through lead wires 2 a recording device

Holter Monitor | Ambulatory Electrocardiographic Monitor AEM

A portable ambulatory monitoring system 4 the continuous recording of the electrical activity in the heart for 24, 48 or 72 hours and stores these readings on a memory card inside the device

Digital Holter Monitor

The purpose of these tests is 2 asses lung functioning, assisting in the detection and evaluation of pulmonary disease Types of tests include: - spirometry (*most frequently performed test*) - lung volumes - diffusion capacity - arterial blood gas volume - pulse oximetry - peak flow measurement - cardiopulmonary exercise tests

Pulmonary Function Tests

A type of pulmonary function test If a spirometry test indicates a possible obstruction, the physician will order this test 2 b done so the physician will know how the treatment would work in patients whose airways r obstructed This test involves having the patient inhale on a bronchidialitor and then running a spirometry test 10 - 15 minutes later

Postbronchodialitor Spirometry

This is a chronic lung disease that effects the smaller bronchi and bronchioles of the lungs This disease is more common in children and young adults. Boys get it more frequently b4 puberty Girls get it more frequently after puberty

Asthma

These periods vary w/each patient and vary in frequency and severity and may come on suddenly or gradually and last for 10-15 minutes or hours or even days This is triggered by irritants in the environment weather they r natural elements or man made chemical substances. Ex. Dust, mold, chemical fumes... The body's reaction 2 this trigger is the bronchial tubes begin 2 constrict and swell, becoming clogged w/mucus. This reduces the amount a patient can breath in and out which leads 2 a decrease in the amount of oxygen available 2 the body. This causes the patient 2 experience this diseases symptoms.

Asthma Attacks

These problems include: - chronic inflammation of the small airways of the lungs - recurrent attacks of coughing - chest tightness - shortness of breath - wheezing These problems can b followed by a problem-free period

Asthma Symptoms

Treatment involves avoidance of symptom triggers and using medications 2 aleaveate symptoms. There r 2 types of medication used 2 treat this disease: -long-term-control medications; This helps relieve bronchial inflammation and prevents symptoms from occurring -quick relief medications(aka; rescue medications) this opens the airways quickly by dilating the bronchial tubes Unchecked, this disease can lead 2 problems like permanent lung damage

Asthma Treatments

This disease can cause a variety of symptoms: - angina (chest pain) - indigestion or heartburn - shortness of breath - palpitations - rapid or irregular heart beats - weakness or dizziness - nausea - sweating - discomfort, heaviness, pressure or pain in the chest - fainting All these symptoms cause irregular EKG sign wave outputs Ex. ischemia can cause a depressed S-T segment and inverted T wave Ex. myocardial infarction can cause a larger then normal Q wave and an elevated S-T segment

Heart Disease

It is a portable, hand held, manual or digital device used 2 measure a breathing maneuver performed by the patient; it is used 2 measure how quickly air flows out of the lungs when the patient exhales forcefully that is measured in liters per minute(L/min) Manual: consists of a plastic tube w/a sliding indicator that manually moves along a scale of numbers as the patient performs the breathing maneuver Digital: automatically measures the breathing maneuver and displays the number digitally on a screen This device is available in 2 ranges: -low-range: 0-300, is used by children and older adults -high-range: 0-800, is used by older children, teenagers and adults

Peak Flow Meter

2 names 4 a device that gives spontaneous depolarization by sending an electrical current in2 the atrium causing it 2 contract

SA Node Function Pacemaker

This disease causes inflammation 2 the layers of the pericardium sac that encompasses the heart. Symptoms can b acute(few days-3 weeks) or chronic(several months) -chest pain that is sharp and stabbing in the middle or left side of the chest w/possible pain in the shoulder(s) Sitting up and leaning 4ward can ease the pain, while, laying down and deep breathing worsens the pain -fever -weakness -trouble breathing -coughing -palpitations Treatment is medications and/or surgery: -medications: anti-inflammatories, colchicine or prednisone. If the cause of this disease is a viral infection, antibiotics r used. -surgeries: -a procedure involving inserting a catheter in2 the wall of the pericardium 2 w/draw fluid which eases pressure on the heart - removal of the pericardium sac from the heart

Pericarditis

An imaginary triangle created by the placement of the 3 bipolar leads during an EKG test Lead I: right arm > left arm Lead II: left arm > left leg Lead III: left leg > right arm

Einthoven's Triangle

CH # 27: Cardiopulmonary Procedures Flashcards

(61 cards)