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ميدكال > Ch 28 > Flashcards

Ch 28 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are protozoa?

A

Unicellular eukaryotic organisms that can cause diseases in humans.

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2
Q

How are protozoal infections usually transmitted?

A

Through contaminated water, food, vectors like mosquitoes, or direct contact.

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3
Q

Why do protozoal infections require lab confirmation?

A

Because clinical symptoms are often non-specific and overlap with other infections.

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4
Q

Which Plasmodium species infect humans?

A

P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, and P. knowlesi.

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5
Q

Which species causes the most severe form of malaria?

A

Plasmodium falciparum.

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6
Q

Which Plasmodium species can relapse and why?

A

P. vivax and P. ovale due to dormant liver stages (hypnozoites).

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7
Q

What is the difference between relapse and recrudescence?

A

Relapse is due to hypnozoites (liver), recrudescence is due to persistence in blood.

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8
Q

What are common malaria symptoms?

A

Fever, chills, anemia, headache, sweating, and fatigue.

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9
Q

What are complications of falciparum malaria?

A

Cerebral malaria, pulmonary edema, and blackwater fever.

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10
Q

How is malaria diagnosed?

A

Blood smear microscopy and PCR.

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11
Q

What drugs are used to treat malaria?

A

Chloroquine, ACT (artemisinin-based combinations), primaquine for liver stages.

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12
Q

What are the malaria vaccines?

A

RTS,S/AS01 and R21/Matrix-M.

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13
Q

What is the definitive host of Toxoplasma gondii?

A

Cats.

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14
Q

How do humans get infected Toxoplasma gondii?

A

By ingesting oocysts from contaminated food, water, or cat feces.

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15
Q

Why is 🧠 Toxoplasma gondii dangerous during pregnancy?

A

It can cross the placenta and harm the fetus (brain and eye damage).

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16
Q

What are the clinical forms in
Toxoplasma gondii ?

A

Acute, subacute, chronic toxoplasmosis.

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17
Q

How is Toxoplasma gondii diagnosed?

A

ELISA serology.

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18
Q

How to prevent Toxoplasma gondii?

A

Avoid cat litter, wash hands, cook meat well.

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19
Q

How is Cryptosporidium transmitted?

A

By ingesting oocysts from contaminated water or food.

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20
Q

Why is Cryptosporidium hard to eliminate in water?

A

Oocysts are resistant to chlorine.

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21
Q

What are the symptoms in AIDS patients?
لما ينصابوا ب Cryptosporidium

A

Severe watery diarrhea (up to 25 stools/day), weight loss, death risk.

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22
Q

How is Cryptosporidium diagnosed?

A

Acid-fast staining, ELISA, PCR.

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23
Q

What is the Cryptosporidium treatment?

A

No definitive cure, supportive care only.

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24
Q

How is Cyclospora transmitted?

A

Through contaminated fresh produce and water.

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25
What are the Cyclospora cayetanensis symptoms?
Watery diarrhea, fatigue, nausea, especially severe in immunocompromised.
26
How is Cyclospora cayetanensis diagnosed?
Microscopy with acid-fast stains and PCR.
27
What disease does Entamoeba histolytica cause?
Amebic dysentery and liver abscesses.
28
How is Entamoeba histolytica transmitted?
Fecal-oral route via contaminated food/water.
29
What are the Entamoeba histolytica symptoms?
▪ Asymptomatic if chronic low-level exposure ▪ Amebic dysentery: ❖ Cramping, diarrhea, 15–20 bloody stools/day ▪ Extraintestinal Amebiasis: ❖ Liver: hepatitis-like symptoms ❖ Abdominal cavity: peritonitis, anemia ❖ Lungs/heart/brain: may be fatal
30
How is Entamoeba histolytica diagnosed?
Fecal microscopy, ELISA, PCR.
31
How is Giardia transmitted?
Ingesting contaminated water or food with cysts.
32
What are the Giardia lamblia symptoms?
Acute Explosive, greasy diarrhea, bloating, flatulence, fatigue. Subacute/Chronic: ▪ Recurrent diarrhea, sulfuric belching, weight loss ▪ Can cause Failure to Thrive (FTT) in children
33
How is Giardia lamblia diagnosed?
Stool examination, ELISA, PCR.
34
What is the Dientamoeba fragilis transmission method?
Fecal-oral, possibly via Enterobius eggs.
35
What are Dientamoeba fragilis symptoms?
Abdominal pain, diarrhea, anorexia.
36
How is Dientamoeba fragilis diagnosed?
Microscopy of stool (trophozoites).
37
How is Trichomonas vaginalis transmitted?
Sexual contact.
38
What are the Trichomonas vaginalis symptoms in women?
Vaginal discharge, itching, irritation.
39
How is Trichomonas vaginalis diagnosed?
Wet mount (motile trophozoites in discharge).
40
How is Balantidium coli transmitted?
Ingesting cysts from contaminated food or water (usually from pigs).
41
What are Balantidium coli symptoms?
Dysentery-like symptoms, diarrhea, ulcers.
42
Where is Naegleria fowleri found?
Warm freshwater lakes, pools.
43
How does Naegleria fowleri infect humans?
Enters via nose during swimming.
44
What disease does Naegleria fowleri cause?
Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM).
45
What conditions does Acanthamoeba spp. cause?
Keratitis, Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE). Disseminated Amebic Disease (skin, sinuses, lungs)
46
Who is at Acanthamoeba spp. risk?
Contact lens users with poor hygiene.
47
How is Babesiosis transmitted?
Tick bite (Ixodes scapularis) or blood transfusion.
48
What are Babesiosis symptoms?
Fever, fatigue, Hemolytic anemia, jaundice. myalgias thrombocytopenia, ↑ liver enzymes asymptomatic to severe illness Life-threatening in splenectomized or immunocompromised patients
49
How is Trypanosoma brucei transmitted?
By tsetse fly bite.
50
What are Trypanosoma brucei symptoms?
Fever, lymph node swelling (Winterbottom sign), sleep disorders, coma.
51
What disease does Trypanosoma cruzi cause?
Chagas disease.
52
How is Trypanosoma cruzi transmitted?
Feces of kissing bug rubbed into wounds/mucosa.
53
What is Romana’s sign?
Eyelid swelling if bug bites near the eye.
54
What are chronic complications Trypanosoma cruzi ?
Cardiomyopathy, megacolon, megaesophagus.
55
What are the clinical Leishmania spp. forms?
Cutaneous, mucocutaneous, visceral (Kala-azar).
56
What vector transmits Leishmania?
Phlebotomus sand fly.
57
What are symptoms of visceral leishmaniasis?
Fever, weight loss, enlarged spleen/liver, anemia.
58
What is the Site & Pathology in Cryptosporidium ?
▪ Infects ileum of small intestine ▪ Lyses enterocytes, disrupts absorption
59
Cyclospora cayetanensis Life cycle is ?
Excystation in small intestine → asexual & sexual stages → oocyst excretion
60
Cyclospora cayetanensis Target site is ?
Jejunal epithelial cells → villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia, inflammation
61
العلاج في ال Trichomonas vaginalis يكون لكلا
both/all sexual partners
62
Trichomonas Species (Non-pathogenic) is ?
▪ T. hominis: commensal of large intestine ▪ T. tenax: commensal in the mouth
63
Trichomonas vaginalis Location in Host ?
▪ Females: vagina, urethra ▪ Males: urethra, prostate, seminal vesicle
64
Naegleria fowleri ("Brain-Eating Amoeba") Symptoms is ?
Sudden fever, headache, stiff neck, confusion
65
Babesiosis Diagnosis is ?
Microscopy (Gold Standard), PCR, Indirect Fluorescent Antibody (IFA) Detection of Babesia IgG or total Ig
66
What is the shape of an amastigote?
Rounded or oval.
67
Does the amastigote have an external flagellum?
No, it lacks an external flagellum.
68
Where is the amastigote typically found?
Inside host cells (intracellular).
69
Where is the kinetoplast located in a promastigote?
In front of the nucleus (antenuclar).
70
From which end does the flagellum arise in a promastigote?
From the anterior end.
71
Does the promastigote have an undulating membrane?
No,
72
Where is the kinetoplast located in an epimastigote?
Next to the nucleus (juxtanuclear).
73
Does the epimastigote have an undulating membrane?
Yes, a short one.
74
Where does the flagellum emerge in an epimastigote?
From the side of the body.
75
Where is the kinetoplast located in a trypomastigote?
Behind the nucleus (postnuclear).
76
How long is the undulating membrane in a trypomastigote?
Long.
77
What type is considered the “true” trypanosome form?
Trypomastigote.
78
Diagnosis Trypanosoma brucei?
▪ Trypomastigotes in blood or CSF ▪ CATT (Card Agglutination Test for Trypanosomiasis) for antibody detection
79
Leishmania tropica Diagnosis is ?
▪ Skin scraping from lesion ▪ Stain with Giemsa or Wright's stain ▪ Look for intracellular amastigotes in macrophages
80
What is the definitive host of Leishmania infantum?
Humans.
81
What are the reservoir hosts for Leishmania infantum?
Many mammals, especially dogs.
82
How is Leishmania infantum transmitted?
By the bite of an infected sand fly.
83
What happens after the sand fly injects Leishmania infantum into the skin?
Amastigotes are injected → engulfed by macrophages.
84
In what form is Leishmania infantum inside human cells?
Amastigote form.
85
What disease is caused by Leishmania infantum?
Visceral Leishmaniasis
86
In what form does Leishmania infantum survive inside the host?
Amastigote form inside macrophages.
87
What happens after amastigotes multiply inside macrophages?
They rupture the cells and infect new macrophages.
88
Which organs are most affected by visceral leishmaniasis?
Spleen, liver, and lymph nodes.
89
How does the body respond to the infection?
Increases macrophage production → leads to severe anemia and wasting.
90
What are early symptoms of visceral leishmaniasis?
Malaise, vomiting, low-grade fever.
91
What are late symptoms of visceral leishmaniasis?
Anemia, chronic wasting, enlarged abdomen (due to splenomegaly and hepatomegaly).
92
How is Leishmania infantum diagnosed ?
IFA and ELISA.
93
94
What diseases must be ruled out due to similar symptoms? Leishmania infantum
Typhoid, malaria, syphilis, tuberculosis (TB), dysentery, relapsing fever.
95
What is the definitive host of Leishmania braziliensis?
Humans.
96
What are the reservoir hosts for Leishmania braziliensis?
Dogs, cats, anteaters, sloths, and other mammals.
97
What are the intermediate hosts of Leishmania braziliensis?
Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia sand flies.
98
What disease is caused by Leishmania braziliensis?
Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis (also called espundia or uta).
99
What damage does mucocutaneous leishmaniasis cause?
Destroys cartilage and soft facial tissues.
100
What are serious complications of the disease? Leishmania braziliensis
Loss of teeth, upper palate, and ability to eat or speak.

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