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AP Bio > Ch. 3 > Flashcards

Ch. 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

organic compound

A

a chemical compound containing the element carbon and usually synthesized by cells

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2
Q

hydrocarbon

A

a chemical compound composed only of the elements carbon and hydrogen

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3
Q

carbon skeleton

A

the chain of carbon atoms that forms the structural backbone of an organic molecule

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4
Q

isomer

A

organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and, therefore, different properties

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5
Q

functional group

A

an assemblage of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and usually involved in chemical reactions

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6
Q

hydrophilic

A

“water-loving”

pertaining to polar, or charged, molecules (or parts of molecules) that are soluble in water

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7
Q

hydroxyl group

A

in an organic molecule, a functional group consisting of a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom

organic compounds containing these groups = alcohols

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8
Q

carbonyl group

A

in an organic molecule, a functional group consisting of a carbon atom linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom

if carbon of the group is @ end = aldehyde

if carbon is w/in the chain = ketone

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9
Q

carboxyl group

A

in an organic molecule, a functional group consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to a carbon atom that is also bonded to a hydroxyl group

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10
Q

carboxylic acid

A

an organic compound containing a carboxyl group

acts as an acid

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11
Q

amino group

A

in an organic molecule, a functional group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to 2 hydrogen atoms

acts as a base

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12
Q

amine

A

an organic compound w/ 1+ amino groups

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13
Q

phosphate group

A

a functional group consisting of a phosphorus atom covalently bonded to 4 oxygen atoms

compounds w/ phosphate groups = organic phosphates

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14
Q

methyl group

A

in an organic molecule, a carbon bonded to 3 hydrogens

compounds w/ methyl groups = methylated compounds

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15
Q

macromolecule

A

a giant molecule in a living organism formed by the joining of smaller molecules

a protein, lipid, carbohydrate, or nucleic acid

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16
Q

polymer

A

a large molecule consisting of many identical or similar molecular units, called monomers, covalently joined together in a chain

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17
Q

monomer

A

a chemical subunit that serves as a building block of a polymer

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18
Q

dehydration reaction

A

a chemical process in which 2 molecules become covalently bonded to each other w/ the removal of a water molecule

also called condensation

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19
Q

hydrolysis

A

a chemical process in which polymers are broken down by the chemical addition of water molecules to the bonds linking their monomers

an essential part of digestion

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20
Q

enyzme

A

a protein (or RNA molecule) that serves as a biological catalyst, changing the rate of a chemical reaction w/out itself being changed into a different molecule in the process

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21
Q

carbohydrate

A

member of the class of biological molecules consisting of simple single-monomer sugars (monosaccharides), 2-monomer sugars (disaccharides), & other multiunit sugars (polysaccharides)

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22
Q

monosaccharide

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A

the simplest carbohydrate

a simple sugar w/ a molecular formula that is generally some multiple of CH2O

monosaccharides r the building blocks of disaccharides & polysaccharides

23
Q

disaccharide

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A

a sugar molecule consisting of 2 monosaccharides linked by a dehydration reaction

24
Q

polysaccharide

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A

a carbohydrate polymer consisting of 2 hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides (sugars) linked by dehydration synthesis

25
starch
a storage polysaccharide found in the roots of plants & certain other cells a polymer of glucose
26
glycogen
an extensively branched polysaccharide of many glucose monomers serves as an energy-storage molecule in liver & muscle cells the animal equivalent of starch
27
cellulose
a large polysaccharide composed of many glucose monomers linked into cable-like fibrils that provide structural support in plant cell walls
28
chitin
a structural polysaccharide found in many fungal cell walls & in the exoskeletons of arthropods
29
lipid
an organic compound consisting of mainly carbon & hydrogen atoms linked by nonpolar covalent bonds, making the compound mostly hydrophobic lipids include **fats, phospholipids, & steroids** insoluble in water
30
hydrophobic
"water-fearing" pertaining to nonpolar molecules (or parts of molecules) that don't dissolve in water
31
fat
a large lipid molecule made from an alcohol called glycerol & 3 fatty acids - a triglyceride most fats function as energy-storage molecules
32
unsaturated
pertaining to fats & fatty acids whose hydrocarbon chains lack the max # of hydrogen atoms & therefore have 1+ double covalent bonds unsaturated fats & fatty acids don't solidify @ room temp
33
saturated
pertaining to fats & fatty acids whose hydrocarbon chains contain the max # of hydrogens & therefore have no double covalent bonds saturated fats & fatty acids solidify @ room temp
34
phospholipid
a lipid made up of glycerol joined to 2 fatty acids & a phosphate group, giving the molecule a nonpolar hydrophobic tail & a polar hydrophilic head form bilayers that function as biological membranes
35
steroid
a type of lipid whose carbon skeleton is in the form of 4 fused rings w/ various chemical groups attached Ex: cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen
36
cholesterol
a steroid that is an important component of animal cell membranes & that acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other steroids such as hormones
37
anabolic steroid
a synthetic variant of the male hormone testosterone that mimics some of its effects
38
protein
a functional biological molecule consisting of 1+ polypeptides folded into a specific 3D structure
39
amino acid
an organic molecule containing a carboxyl group & an amino group serves as the monomer of proteins
40
peptide bond
the covalent linkage b/w 2 amino acid units in a polypeptide formed by a dehydration reaction
41
polypeptide
a polymer (chain) of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
42
denaturation
a process in which a protein unravels, losing its specific structure & hence function can be caused by changes in pH or salt concentration or by high temp also refers to the separation of the 2 strands of the DNA double helix, caused by similar factors
43
primary structure
the 1st level of protein structure the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain
44
secondary structure
the 2nd level of protein structure the regular local patterns of coils or folds of a polypeptide chain
45
alpha (α) helix
the spiral shape resulting from the coiling of a polypeptide in a protein's secondary structure
46
pleated sheet
the folded arrangement of a polypeptide in a protein's secondary structure
47
tertiary structure
the 3rd level of protein structure the overall, 3D shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain
48
quaternary structure
the 4th level of protein structure the shape resulting from the association of 2+ polypeptide subunits
49
gene
a discrete unit of hereditary info consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses) most of the genes of a eukaryote r located in its chromosomal DNA - a few r carried by the DNA of mitochondria & chloroplasts
50
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
a double-stranded helical nucleic acid molecule consisting of nucleotide monomers w/ deoxyribose sugar & the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T) capable of replicating, is an organism's genetic material
51
nucleic acid
a polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular structures and activites 2 types = DNA and RNA
52
RNA ribonucleic acid
a type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers w/ a ribose sugar & the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U) usually single-stranded functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses
53
nucleotide
an organic monomer consisting of a 5-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base & a phosphate group the building blocks of nucleic acids
54
double helix
the form of native DNA, referring to its 2 adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape

AP Bio (5 decks)

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