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AP Bio > Ch. 4 > Flashcards

Ch. 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

light microscope

LM

A

an optical instrument w/ lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images & project them into a viewer’s eye or onto photographic film

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2
Q

cell theory

A

the theory that all living things r composed of cells & that all cells come from other cells

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3
Q

electron microscope

EM

A

an instrument that focuses an electron beam through, or onto the surface of, a specimen

an electron microscope achieves a hundredfold greater resolution than a light microscope

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4
Q

scanning electron microscope

SEM

A

a microscope that uses an electron beam to study the surface architecture of a cell or other specimen

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5
Q

transmission electron microscope

TEM

A

a microscope that uses an electron beam to study the internal structure of thinly sectioned specimens

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6
Q

prokaryotic cell

A

a type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus & other membrane-enclosed organelles

found only in the domains Bacteria & Archaea

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7
Q

eukaryotic cell

A

a type of cell that has a membrane-enclosed nucleus & other membrane-enclosed organelles

all organisms except bacteria & archaea are composed of eukaryotic cells

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8
Q

plasma membrane

A

the membrane that sets a cell off from its surroundings & acts as selective barrier to the passage of ions & molecules into & out of the cell

consists of a phospholipid bilayer in which r embedded molecules of protein & cholesterol

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9
Q

chromosome

A

a threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell & most visible during mitosis & meiosis

the main gene-carrying structure of a prokaryotic cell

consist of chromatin, a combo of DNA and protein

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10
Q

ribosome

A

a cell structure consisting of RNA and protein organized into 2 subunits & functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm

the ribosomal subunits r constructed in the nucleolus

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11
Q

cytoplasm

A

everything inside a cell b/w the plasma membrane & the nucleus

consists of a semifluid medium & organelles

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12
Q

nucleoid

A

a dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell

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13
Q

flagellum (flagella)

A

a long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion

the flagella of prokaryotes & eukaryotes differ in both structure & function - like cilia, eukaryotic flagella have a 9+2 arrangement of microtubules covered by the cell’s plasma membrane

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14
Q

organelle

A

a membrane-enclosed structure w/ a specialized function w/in a cell

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15
Q

cellular metabolism

A

the chemical activities of cells

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16
Q

nucleus (nuclei)

A

the genetic control center of a eukaryotic cell

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17
Q

chromatin

A

the complex of DNA & proteins that constitutes eukaryotic chromosomes

often used to refer to the diffuse, very extended form taken by chromosomes when a cell isn’t dividing

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18
Q

nuclear envelope

A

a double membrane, perforated w/ pores, which encloses the nucleus & separates it from the rest of the eukaryotic cell

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19
Q

nucleolus

A

a structure w/in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell where ribosomal RNA is made & assembled w/ proteins imported from the cytoplasm to make ribosomal subunits

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20
Q

endomembrane system

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A

a network of membranes inside & around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles

21
Q

vesicle

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A

a sac made of membrane in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell

22
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

ER

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A

an extensive membranous network in a eukaryotic cell, continuous w/ the outer nuclear membrane & composed of ribosome-studded (rough) & ribosome-free (smooth) regions

23
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

SER

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A

a network of interconnected membranous tubulues in a eukaryotic cell’s cytoplasm

lacks ribosomes

24
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

RER

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A

a network of interconnected membranous sacs in a eukaryotic cell’s cytoplasm

membranes r studded w/ ribosomes that make membrane proteins & secretory proteins

25
Golgi apparatus
an organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of membranous sacs that modify, store, & ship products of the endoplasmic reticulum
26
lysosome
a digestive organelle in eukaryotic cells contains hydrolytic enzymes that digest the cell's food & wastes
27
vacuole
a membrane-enclosed sac that's part of the endomembrane system of a eukaryotic cell, having diverse functions
28
central vacuole
a membrane-enclosed sac occupying most of the interior of a mature plant cell, having diverse roles in reproduction, growth, & development
29
peroxisome
an organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide
30
mitochondrion (mitochondria)
an organelle in eukaryotic cells where cellular respiration occurs enclosed by 2 concentric membranes where most of the cell's ATP is made
31
intermembrane space
1 of the 2 fluid-filled internal compartments of the mitochondrion the narrow region b/w the inner & outer membranes
32
mitochondrial matrix
the fluid contained w/in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion
33
chloroplast
an organelle found in plants & photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight & uses it to drive the synthesis of organic molecules (sugars) from carbon dioxide & water
34
stroma
the fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide & water sugars r made in the stroma by the enzymes of the Calvin cycle
35
thylakoid
1 of a # of disk-shaped membranous sacs inside a chloroplast thylakoid membranes contain chlorophyll & the enzymes of the light reactions of photosynthesis
36
granum (grana)
a stack of hollow disks formed of thylakoid membrane in a chloroplast the sites where light energy is trapped by chlorophyll & converted to chemical energy during the light reactions of photosynthesis
37
endosymbiosis
a process by which mitochondria & chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells probably evolved from symbiotic associations b/w small prokaryotic cells living inside larger cells
38
cytoskeleton
a network of protein fibers in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell includes microfilaments, intermediate filaments, & microtubules
39
microfilament
the thinnest of the 3 main kinds of protein fibers making up the cytoskeleton of a eukaryotic cell a solid, helical rod composed of the globular protein actin
40
intermediate filament
an intermediate-sized protein fiber that's 1 of the 3 main kinds of fibers making up the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells ropelike, made of fibrous proteins
41
microtubule
the thickest of the 3 main kinds of fibers making up the cytoskeleton of a eukaryotic cell a straight, hollow tube made of globulra proteins called tubulins form the basis of the structure & movement of cilia & flagella
42
centriole
a structure in an animal cell composed of cylinders of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9+0 pattern an animal usually has a centrosome w/ a pair of centrioles involved in cell division
43
cilium (cilia)
a short cellular appendage specialized for locomotion formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules & 2 single microtubules covered by the cell's plasma membrane
44
basal body
a eukaryotic cell organelle consisting of a 9+0 arrangement of microtubule triplets may organize the microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum structurally identical to a centriole
45
extracellular matrix ECM
a substance in which the cells of an animal tissue are embedded consists of protein & polysaccharides
46
integrin
a transmembrane protein that interconnects the extracellular matrix & the cytoskeleton
47
cell wall
a protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, & some protists protects the cell & helps maintain its shape
48
plasmodesma (plasmodesmata)
an open channel in a plant cell wall thru which strands of cytoplasm connect from adjacent cells

AP Bio (5 decks)

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