Ch 3

Question 1

A people’s way of life—consisting of material objects as well as the patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving—that is passed from generation to generation among members of a society

Answer 1

Culture

Question 2

Rules defining appropriate and inappropriate behaviors

Answer 2

Norms

Question 3

Norms without moral overtones

Answer 3

Folkways

Question 4

Norms that have great moral significance and that should be followed by the members of a society

Answer 4

Mores

Question 5

A norm so important that its violation is considered repugnant

Answer 5

Taboo

Question 6

Norms that are formally defined and enforced by officials

Answer 6

Laws

Question 7

Rewards/punishments used to encourage conformity to norms

Answer 7

Sanctions

Question 8

Sanctions that can be only be given by officially designated persons

Answer 8

Formal sanctions

Question 9

Sanctions that can be applied by most members of society

Answer 9

Informal sanctions

Question 10

Broad cultural standards that many people in a society consider desirable

Answer 10

Values

Question 11

Cultural guidelines publicly embraced by members of a society

Answer 11

Ideal culture

Question 12

Actual behavior patterns exhibited by members of a society

Answer 12

Real culture

Question 13

Things that stand for, or represent, something else—can range from physical objects to words, sounds, smells, and tastes

Answer 13

Symbols

Question 14

Process of thinking, knowing, or processing information

Answer 14

Cognition

Question 15

Ideas concerning the nature of reality

Answer 15

Beliefs

Question 16

The norms, values, and beliefs of a group of people

Answer 16

Nonmaterial culture

Question 17

The concrete, tangible objects within a culture

Answer 17

Material culture

Question 18

The idea that one’s perception of reality is based on language

Answer 18

Hypothesis of linguistic relativity

Question 19

Group of persons who share a social characteristic such as age, sex, or religion

Answer 19

Social catergory

Question 20

Group that is part of the dominant culture but differs from it in some important respects

Answer 20

Subculture

Question 21

An approach that accents the viewpoints, experiences, and contributions of women and diverse ethnic and racial minorities (women as well as ethnic and racial minorities)

Answer 21

Multiculturism

Question 22

A subculture that is deliberately and consciously opposed to certain central aspects of the dominant culture

Answer 22

Counterculture

Question 23

The illegal use of violence or threats of violence to intimidate a government, group, or individual in pursuit of a political, religious, economic, or social goal

Answer 23

Terrorism

Question 24

The tendency to judge others in relation to one’s own cultural standards

Answer 24

Ethnocentrism

Question 25

Psychological and social stress experienced when confronted with a radically different cultural environment

Answer 25

Culture shock

Question 26

The idea that any given aspect of a particular culture should be evaluated in relation to its place within the larder cultural context of which it is a part rather than according to some alleged universal standard that is applied across all cultures

Answer 26

Culture relativism

Question 27

The idea that morality (right or wrong) depends on the norms of the group or society in which they exist

Answer 27

Ethical relativism

Question 28

General cultural traits thought to exist in all known cultures

Answer 28

Cultural universals

Question 29

The widely varying, often distinctive ways societies demonstrate cultural universals

Answer 29

Cultural particulars

Question 30

People who live within defined territorial borders and participate in a common culture

Answer 30

Society