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Bio 305 > CH 3 Functions & Structure of the Cell > Flashcards

CH 3 Functions & Structure of the Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

Physiology (3)

A

1) Cell Levels
2) Tissue Level
3) Organ System

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2
Q

Homeostasis - Which part of the body governs this process?

A

Hypothalamus

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3
Q

Hypothalamus (2)

A

1) Receives inputs

2) Controls hormones

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4
Q

What do we keep constant in the body>

A

1) Nutrients/ waste
2) O2/ C02 levels
3) PH levels
4) Temp

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5
Q

CELL CLASSIFICATION (2)

A

1) Prokaryotic Cells

2) Eukaryotic Cells

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6
Q

CELL CLASSIFICATION: Prokaryotic Cells (3)

A

1) No nucleus
2) Cytoplasm
3) No true organelles
bacteria

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7
Q

CELL CLASSIFICATION: Eukaroytica Cells (3)

A

1) Nucleus: membrane-bound
2) Cytoplasm
3) Organelles
human cell

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8
Q

Types of cell structures (2)

A

1) Muscle cells

2) Nerve Cells

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9
Q

Why do cells stay small?

A

1) Higher surface to volume ratio

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10
Q

Higher surface to volume ratio - name 3 functions

A

1) Membrane transport
2) Acquisition of nutrients
3) Disposal of wastes

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11
Q

CELLULAR DIVERSITY - Specialized functions of cells relates to (2):

A

1) Shape of cell

2) Arrangement of organelles

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12
Q

Ageing and Cells - what happens - 4

A

1) Our cells slowly eradicate
2) # of body cells goes down
3) Lose integrity of extracellular components
4) Free radicals

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13
Q

Ageing and Cells - Genetic Theory

A

1) Proposed that ageing is programmed in the genes
2) Telomeres - end up caps of chromosomes
3) Telomerase - prevents telomeres from degrading

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14
Q

PARTS OF A CELL - The cell can be divided in three parts

A

1) Plasma
2) Cytoplasm
3) Nucleus

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15
Q

PARTS OF A CELL - Cytoplasm (2)

A

1) Cytosol

2) Organelles

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16
Q

PARTS OF A CELL - Nucleus (2)

A

1) Chromosomes

2) Genes

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17
Q

PARTS OF A CELL - Nucleus function (2)

A

1) Cell replications and repair

2) Usually, 1 per cell Ex) RBC 1 cell, Muscle multi-nucleated

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18
Q

PARTS OF A CELL - Ribosomes function (2)

A

1) Make proteins

2) Either free or attached

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19
Q

PARTS OF A CELL - Ribosomes function - Free Ribosomes

A

1) Make proteins to the cell, free ribosomes travel ex) Muscles ? why to travel where ned be to make proteins

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20
Q

PARTS OF A CELL - Ribosomes function - Attached Ribosomes (1)

A

1) Endoplasmic Reticulum

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21
Q

PARTS OF A CELL - Ribosomes function - Attached Ribosomes - Endoplasmic Reticulum smooth (3)

A

1) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
2) Calcium storage - Muscle
3) Steroid production - Ovaried

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22
Q

PARTS OF A CELL - Ribosomes function - Attached Ribosomes - Endoplasmic Reticulum rough (3)

A

1) Ribosomes attached

2) Protein production for export

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23
Q

PARTS OF A CELL - Golgi Complex (1)

A

1) Repackages RER proteins into a vesicle that can leave the less

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24
Q

PARTS OF A CELL - Peroxisomes (1)

A

1) Oxidative enzyme - Detoxification

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25
PARTS OF A CELL - Lysomomes (2)
1) Sac of digestive enzymes 2) Used for repair and removal of foreign objects ex) white blood cells
26
PARTS OF A CELL - Cytoskeleton (2)
1) Complex protein network - acts and bone/ muscle of cell | 2) Three distinct elements
27
PARTS OF A CELL - Cytoskeleton - Three distinct elements (3)
1) Microtubulus 2) Microfilaments 3) Intermediate filaments
28
PARTS OF A CELL - Cytoskeleton - Three distinct elements - Microtubules (2)
1) Transport secretory vesicles | 2) Form mitotic spindle during cell division
29
PARTS OF A CELL - Cytoskeleton - Three distinct elements - Microfilaments (3)
1) Contractile systems 2) Muscle - packed with Actin & Myosin 3) Mechanical stiffeners
30
PARTS OF A CELL - Cytoskeleton - Three distinct elements - Intermediate Filaments (2)
1) Help resist mechanical stress | 2) Hair, skin
31
PARTS OF A CELL - Centrosome / Centrioles (2)
1) Microtubulus | 2) Important to mitosis
32
PARTS OF A CELL - Cilia and Flagella (2)
1) Cilia - Respiratory track / fallopian tubes | 2) Flagella - sperm tail
33
PARTS OF A CELL - Mitochondria (2)
1) Site of ATP formation - Oxidative Phosphorylation, enzymes for TCA cycle 2) The number of mitochondria varies with the cell's energy need
34
PARTS OF A CELL - Mitochondria (2)
1) Surronded by a double membrane | 2) The inner membrane is highly folded
35
The Plasma (Cell) Membrane - Phospholipid bilayer (4)
1) Phospholipids: Polar head and non-polar 2) Cholesterol: membrane liquidity 3) Proteins: Membrane Transport 4) Carbohydrates: Cell recognition and orientation
36
Membrane Transport (3)
1) Passive transport 2) Active transport 3) Bulk transport
37
Membrane Transport - Passive transport (2)
1) Diffusion | 2) Osmosis
38
Membrane Transport - Passive transport (2) - Diffusion
1) High concentration to low concentration | 2) May also move along the electrical gradient
39
Membrane Transport - Passive transport (2) - Diffusion, variables which affect it (4)
1) Temperature 2) Volume 3) Mass of diffusion substance 4) Concentration gradient
40
Membrane Transport - Passive transport (2) - Diffusion across the membrane depends.... (4)
1) Permeability 2) Surface Area 3) Gradient 4) Temp
41
Membrane Transport - Passive transport (2) - Osmosis (1)
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. 1) Moves from low solute concentration to an area of high concentration 2) Depends on non- diffusible particles
42
Tonicity (4)
1) Isotonic 2) Hypotonic 3) Hypertonic 4) Note) Water moves from hypotonic to hypertonic
43
Tonicity - Hypotonic
fewer diffusible particles - HEMOLYSIS -think dilution with pure h2o - expand
44
Tonicity - Hypertonic
More diffusible particles - CREANATION - think saturation -expands
45
Passive Facilitated Diffusion (3)
1) Across membrane - no ATP needed a) Channel Transport - ex) NA+, K+ - Ions/particles can move only when the gate is open b) Carrier transport - ex) Glucose - particles bind to carrier to move across
46
Three steps in the Passive Facilitated Diffusion process? (3) step 1
1) Diffusion through the lipid layer. Lipid soluble molecules diffuse easily ex) CO2, O2 2) High to low concentration
47
Three steps in the Passive Facilitated Diffusion process? (3) step 2
2) Diffusion through channels - some polar and charged molecules diffuse through protein channels.
48
Three steps in the Passive Facilitated Diffusion process? (3) step 3
3) Facilitated transport - Certain molecules bind to a protein, triggering a change in protein shape that transport the molecules ex) glucose
49
Active Transport requires energy - Active transport moves substances from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration (3)
1) Against the concentration gradient 2) Requires a membrane a protein 3) Requires energy ex) sodium potassium pump
50
Endocytosis & Exocytosis Move Materials in bulk (2)
1) Endocytosis - bring substances into the cell | 2) Exocytosis- expel substances from the cell
51
Information can be transferred across the Plasma Membrane (2)
1) Receptor proteins span membrane - can transmit " messages" into cell 2) Receptor sites (on protein) - interact with signal molecules. ex) hormones ex) Protein synthesis
52
Energy Production - Formation of ATP (2)
1) Cytosol | 2) Mitochondria
53
ATP
Cell's energy shuttle
54
Cellular Respiration (1)
Breakdown of glucose or other fuels in the presence of oxygen to yield of ATP
55
Four stages of cellular respirations (4)
1) Glycolysis 2) Preparatory step 3) Citric acid cycle 4) Electron transport system (ETS)
56
Glycolysis name the two inputs/outflows (2)
1) Input 2 ATP / 1 glucose | 2) Output 2NADH (shuttled electron chain) & 2 pyruvate
57
Preparatory Step (3)
1) Loss of CO2 2) Irreversible 3) Pyruvate becomes Acetyl COA
58
TCA 1 cycle inputs/outputs (5)
1) input: 1 CoA 2) Output: NADH/ FADH2 out (ETS) 3) ATP out 4) CO2 out For one cycle! Note you need X2 for 1 glucose molecule
59
Electron Transport System inputs / outputs (4)
1) Input: O2 2) Transfers energy from NADH/FADH 2 to ADP to make ATP 3) Output: ATP 4) Uses ATP to synthesis enzymes
60
The flow of energy from cellular respiration
1) Glycolysis - 2 ATP 2) Citric Cycle - 2 ATP 3) ETS - 32/ 34 ATP TOTAL 36-38ATP
61
One glucose molecule yields how many ATP
36-38ATP
62
Lactic Acid Formation (3)
1) If no O2 available then we make ATP anaerobically (lactic acid) 2) Causes muscle burn SON 3) When O2 is back, converts back to pyruvate
63
Energy Transfer Systems and Exercise (3)
1) Immediate- Phosphagen 2) Short term - Glycolysis 3) Long term - Aerobic

Bio 305 (7 decks)

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