Ch 3 - Positioning Terminology Flashcards
1
Q
The science of the structure of the body
A
Anatomy
2
Q
The study of the function of the body organs
A
Physiology
3
Q
The detailed study of the body of knowledge relating to the bones of the body
A
Osteology
4
Q
Imaginary planes that subdivide the body in reference to anatomic position
“Slice” the body in all directions at designated levels
Used in radiographic positioning to center a body part to the IR or CR
A
Body planes
5
Q
4 fundamental planes
A
Sagittal
Coronal
Horizontal
Oblique
6
Q
Plane that divides the body into right and left segments, passing vertically from front to back
A
Sagittal
7
Q
A specific sagittal plane that passes through midline and divides the body into equal right and left halves
A
Midsagittal plane (MSP)
8
Q
Plane that passes through the body vertically from side to side, dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts
A
Coronal
9
Q
The specific plane that passes through midline and divides the body into equal anterior and posterior halves
A
Midcoronal plane (MCP)/midaxillary
10
Q
Plane that passes crosswise through the body or body part at right angles to the longitudinal axis
Positioned at right angle to sagittal and coronal planes
Divides the body into superior and inferior portions
A
Horizontal
Transverse
Axial
Cross-sectional
11
Q
Plane that passes through a body part at any angle between the previous three planes
A
Oblique
12
Q
2 special planes
A
Interiliac
Occlusal
13
Q
Plane that transects the body at the pelvis at the top of the iliac crests (level of L4)
A
Interiliac
14
Q
Plane formed by the biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth with jaws closed
A
Occlusal
15
Q
2 great body cavities
A
Thoracic
Abdominal
16
Q
6 things the thoracic cavity contains
A
Pleural membranes Lungs Trachea Esophagus Pericardium Heart and great vessels
17
Q
10 things abdominal cavity contains
A
Peritoneum Stomach Liver Intestines Gallbladder Kidneys Pancreas Ureters Spleen Major blood vessels
18
Q
2 methods abdomen is divided into
A
Quadrants
Regions
19
Q
2 divisions of the abdomen
A
Bordered superiorly by diaphragm
Bordered inferiorly by superior pelvic aperture (pelvic inlet)
20
Q
4 quadrants of the abdomen (useful for describing the location of various abdominal organs)
A
Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
21
Q
3 superior regions of abdomen
A
Right hypochondrium
Epigastrium
Left hypochondrium
22
Q
3 middle regions of abdomen
A
Right lateral
Umbilical
Left lateral
23
Q
3 inferior regions of abdomen
A
Right inguinal
Hypogastrium
Left inguinal
24
Q
The common variations in the shape of the human body
Important in radiography because it determines size, shape, and position of organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities
Organs change position based on how body is made
A
Body habitus
25
6 organs affected by body habitus
```
Heart
Lungs
Diaphragm
Stomach
Colon
Gallbladder
```
26
4 major types of body habitus
Sthenic
Hyposthenic
Asthenic
Hypersthenic
27
6 bone functions
```
Attachment for muscles
Mechanical basis for movement
Protection of internal organs
Support frame for body
Storage for calcium, phosphorus, and other salts
Production of red and white blood cells
```
28
2 main groups in skeletal division
```
Axial skeleton (80 bones)
Appendicular skeleton (126 bones)
```
29
Skeleton that supports the head and trunk
Axial
30
Skeleton that provides means for movement
Appendicular
31
Strong, dense outer layer of bone
Compact
32
Inner, less dense layer of bone
| Contains a spiculated network called trabeculae (filled with red and yellow marrow)
Spongy
33
Marrow that produces red and white blood cells
Red
34
Marrow that stores fat cells
Yellow
35
Central cavity of long bones
Contains trabeculae filled with yellow marrow
Red marrow found in ends of long bones
Medullary cavity
36
Tough, fibrous connective tissue that covers bone, except at articular ends
Periosteum
37
Lines marrow cavity
Endosteum
38
The development and formation of bones
| Begins in the second month of embryonic life
Ossification
39
2 processes of ossification
Intermembranous
| Endochondral
40
Process of ossification that forms flat bones
Intermembranous
41
Process of ossification that creates short, irregular, and long bones
Endochondral
42
2 distinct centers of development from which endochondral ossification occurs
Primary
| Secondary
43
Ossification that begins before birth and forms long central shaft in long bones
Primary
44
Ossification that occurs after birth when separate bones begin to develop at both ends of long bones
Secondary
45
Ends of long bones
Epiphysis
46
5 classifications of bones by shape
```
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Sesamoid
```
47
Bones found only in limbs
Consist of body and two enlarged articular ends
Examples: femur and humerus
Long
48
Bones that consist mainly of cancellous bone with a thin outer layer of compact bone
Example: carpal bones
Short
49
Bones that consist of two plates of compact bones
Middle layer of cancellous bone called diploë
Examples: sternum and cranium
Flat
50
Bones that are peculiarly shaped
| Examples: vertebrae and facial bones
Irregular
51
Bones that are very small and oval
Develop inside and beside tendons
Protect the tendon from excessive wear
Largest is patella
Sesamoid
52
The study of joints/articulations between bones
Arthrology
53
2 classifications of arthrology
Functional
| Structural
54
Three subdivisions of functional joints based on mobility of joint
Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses
Diarthroses
55
Synarthroses
Immoveable
56
Amphiarthroses
Slightly moveable
57
Diarthroses
Freely moveable
58
3 distinct groups of structural joints based on connective tissues
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
59
Joints that do not have a joint cavity
United by various fibrous and connective tissues and ligaments
Strongest joints in the body
Fibrous
60
3 types of fibrous joints
Syndesmosis
Suture
Gomphosis
61
Immoveable or very slightly moveable joints
United by fibrous sheets
Example: inferior tibiofibular joint
Syndesmosis
62
Immoveable joint only in the skull
Suture
63
Immoveable joint only in roots of teeth
Gomphosis
64
Joints that do not have a joint cavity
| Virtually immoveable
Cartilaginous
65
2 types of cartilaginous joints
Symphysis
| Synchondrosis
66
Slightly moveable joint
Separated by a pad of fibrocartilage
Designed for strength and shock absorbency
Example: pubic symphysis
Symphysis
67
Immovable joint
United by rigid cartilage
Example: epiphyseal plate
Synchondrosis
68
Joints that permit wide range of motion; freely moveable
Complex joints
Enclosed by articular capsule
Many have accessory soft tissues: meniscus and bursae
Synovial
69
6 types of synovial joints
```
Gliding
Hinge
Pivot
Ellipsoid
Saddle
Ball and socket
```
70
Simplest synovial joint
| Examples: intercarpal and intertarsal joints
Gliding
71
Synovial joint that permits flexion and extension only
| Examples: elbow and knee
Hinge
72
Synovial joint that allows rotation around a single axis
| Example: atlantoaxial joint (C1-C2 joint)
Pivot
73
Synovial joint that allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction
Example: radiocarpal (wrist) joint
Ellipsoid
74
Synovial joint that allows movement similar to ellipsoid
Difference is in the shape of the articular surfaces
Example: carpometacarpal joint between trapezium and first metacarpal
Saddle
75
Synovial joint that permits widest range of motion
| Examples: hip and shoulder
Ball and Socket
76
Extend beyond or project out from the main body of a bone
Processes/projections
77
Hollow or depressed areas in bone
Depressions
78
A break in bone
Fracture
79
Rounded process at an articular end of bone
Condyle
80
Beaklike or crownlike process on bone
Coracoid or coronoid
81
Ridgelike process on bone
Crest
82
Projection above a condyle on bone
Epicondyle
83
Small, smooth-surfaced articular process on bone
Facet
84
Hook-shaped process on bone
Hamulus
85
Expanded end of a long bone
Head
86
Hornlike process on bone
Horn
87
Linear elevation on bone; not as prominent as a crest
Line
88
Club-shaped process on bone
Malleolus
89
Projecting prominence on bone
Protuberance
90
Sharp process on bone
Spine
91
Long, pointed process on bone
Styloid
92
Either of the two large, rounded, and elevated processes of the proximal femur
Trochanter
93
Small, rounded, and elevated process on bone
Tubercle
94
Large, rounded, and elevated process
Tuberosity
95
8 depressions of bone
```
Fissure
Foramen
Fossa
Groove
Meatus
Notch
Sinus
Sulcus
```
96
Cleft or deep groove in bone
Fissure
97
Hole in a bone for transmission of vessels and nerves
Foramen
98
Pit, fovea, or hollow space in bone
Fossa
99
Shallow linear channel in bone
Groove
100
Tubelike passageway in bone
Meatus
101
Indentation in the border of a bone
Notch
102
Recess, groove, cavity, or hollow space in bone
Sinus
103
Furrow or trench in bone
Sulcus
104
4 types of fractures
Closed
Open
Nondisplaced
Displaced
105
8 classifications of fractures (many fractures fall into more than one category)
```
Compression
Transverse
Compound (open)
Spiral/oblique
Simple
Comminuted
Greenstick
Impacted
```
106
Forward or front part of the body or of a part
Anterior (ventral)
107
Back part of body or part
Posterior (dorsal)
108
Parts away from the head of the body toward the feet
Caudad
109
Parts toward the head
Cephalad
110
Nearer the head or situated above
Superior
111
Nearer the feet or situated below
Inferior
112
Mid area or main part of an organ
Central
113
At or near the surface, edge, or outside of another body part
Peripheral
114
Toward the median plane of the body or toward the middle of a body part
Medial
115
Away from the median plane or away from the middle of a part
Lateral
116
Near the skin or surface
Superficial
117
Far from the surface
Deep
118
Farthest from the point of attachment or origin
Distal
119
Nearer to the point of attachment or origin
Proximal
120
Outside the body or part
External
121
Inside the body or part
Internal
122
The wall or lining of a body cavity
Parietal
123
The covering of an organ
Visceral
124
Parts on the same side of the body
Ipsilateral
125
Parts on the opposite side of the body
Contralateral
126
Palm of the hand
Palmar
127
Sole of the foot
Plantar
128
Anterior, or top, of the foot or the back of the hand
Dorsum
129
The path of the CR as it exits the x-ray tube, passing through the patient to the IR
Identified by the entrance and exit points of the body
Ex: PA = entering posterior and exiting anterior
Projection
130
Overall posture of the patient or general body position
| Also refers to the specific placement of the body or part in relation to the table or IR
Position
131
Describes the body part as seen by the IR
| Exact opposite of projection, the preferred term in the United States
View
132
Refers to a specific radiographic projection developed by an individual
Method
133
CR enters the anterior surface and exits the posterior
AP
134
CR enters the posterior surface and exits the anterior
PA
135
Longitudinal angle of the CR of 10 degrees or more
Axial
136
CR directed along the outer margin of a curved body surface
Tangential
137
CR enters one side of the body, passing transversely along the coronal plane
Lateral
138
CR enters from side angle
| Entrance and exit surfaces still specified (e.g., AP)
Oblique
139
Erect or vertical
Upright
140
Upright, but sitting on a stool
Seated
141
Lying down in any position
Recumbent
142
Lying on the back
Supine
143
Lying face down
Prone
144
Supine with the head lower than the feet
Trendelenburg’s position
145
Supine with the head elevated
Fowler’s position
146
Recumbent with patient lying on left anterior side with left leg extended and right knee and thigh partially flexed
Sims’ position
147
Supine with knees and hips flexed and thighs abducted and rotated externally, supported by ankle supports
Lithotomy position
148
Named according to the side of the patient that is placed closer to the IR
Lateral position
149
Body is rotated so that the coronal plane is not parallel with the table or IR
Angle of rotation is specific for anatomy of interest
Named according to side and surface of body closer to table or IR
Abbreviations: RPO, LPO, RAO, and LAO
Oblique
150
Recumbent position with a horizontal CR
| Named according to the body surface on which the patient is lying
Decubitus position
151
Upright position in which the patient is leaning backward
Lordotic position
152
Movement of a part away from the central axis of the
| body
Abduct/abduction
153
Movement of a part toward the central axis of the body
Adduct/adduction
154
Straightening of a joint
Extension
155
Bending of a joint
Flexion
156
Forced or excessive extension
Hyperextension
157
Forced overflexion
Hyperflexion
158
Outward turning of the foot at the ankle
Evert/eversion
159
Inward turning of the foot at the ankle
Invert/inversion
160
Rotation of forearm so that the palm is down
Pronate/pronation
161
Rotation of forearm so that the palm is up
Supinate/supination
162
Turning of the body or part around its axis either medial (toward midline) or lateral (away from midline)
Rotate/rotation
163
Circular movement of a limb
Circumduction
164
Tipping or slanting a body part slightly
Tilt
165
A turning away from the regular or standard course
Deviation
