Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
The science of the structure of the body
A
Anatomy
2
Q
The study of the function of the body organs
A
Physiology
3
Q
The detailed study of the body of knowledge relating to the bones of the body
A
Osteology
4
Q
Imaginary planes that subdivide the body in reference to anatomic position”Slice” the body in all directions at designated levelsUsed in radiographic positioning to center a body part to the IR or CR
A
Body planes
5
Q
4 fundamental planes
A
SagittalCoronalHorizontal Oblique
6
Q
Plane that divides the body into right and left segments, passing vertically from front to back
A
Sagittal
7
Q
A specific sagittal plane that passes through midline and divides the body into equal right and left halves
A
Midsagittal plane (MSP)
8
Q
Plane that passes through the body vertically from side to side, dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts
A
Coronal
9
Q
The specific plane that passes through midline and divides the body into equal anterior and posterior halves
A
Midcoronal plane (MCP)/midaxillary
10
Q
Plane that passes crosswise through the body or body part at right angles to the longitudinal axisPositioned at right angle to sagittal and coronal planesDivides the body into superior and inferior portions
A
HorizontalTransverseAxialCross-sectional
11
Q
Plane that passes through a body part at any angle between the previous three planes
A
Oblique
12
Q
2 special planes
A
InteriliacOcclusal
13
Q
Plane that transects the body at the pelvis at the top of the iliac crests (level of L4)
A
Interiliac
14
Q
Plane formed by the biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth with jaws closed
A
Occlusal
15
Q
2 great body cavities
A
ThoracicAbdominal
16
Q
6 things the thoracic cavity contains
A
Pleural membranesLungsTracheaEsophagusPericardiumHeart and great vessels
17
Q
10 things abdominal cavity contains
A
PeritoneumStomachLiverIntestinesGallbladderKidneysPancreas UretersSpleenMajor blood vessels
18
Q
2 methods abdomen is divided into
A
QuadrantsRegions
19
Q
2 divisions of the abdomen
A
Bordered superiorly by diaphragmBordered inferiorly by superior pelvic aperture (pelvic inlet)
20
Q
4 quadrants of the abdomen (useful for describing the location of various abdominal organs)
A
Right upper quadrant (RUQ)Right lower quadrant (RLQ)Left upper quadrant (LUQ)Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
21
Q
3 superior regions of abdomen
A
Right hypochondriumEpigastriumLeft hypochondrium
22
Q
3 middle regions of abdomen
A
Right lateralUmbilicalLeft lateral
23
Q
3 inferior regions of abdomen
A
Right inguinalHypogastriumLeft inguinal
24
Q
The common variations in the shape of the human bodyImportant in radiography because it determines size, shape, and position of organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavitiesOrgans change position based on how body is made
A
Body habitus
25
6 organs affected by body habitus
HeartLungsDiaphragmStomachColonGallbladder
26
4 major types of body habitus
SthenicHyposthenicAsthenicHypersthenic
27
6 bone functions
Attachment for musclesMechanical basis for movementProtection of internal organsSupport frame for bodyStorage for calcium, phosphorus, and other saltsProduction of red and white blood cells
28
2 main groups in skeletal division
Axial skeleton (80 bones)Appendicular skeleton (126 bones)
29
Skeleton that supports the head and trunk
Axial
30
Skeleton that provides means for movement
Appendicular
31
Strong, dense outer layer of bone
Compact
32
Inner, less dense layer of boneContains a spiculated network called trabeculae (filled with red and yellow marrow)
Spongy
33
Marrow that produces red and white blood cells
Red
34
Marrow that stores fat cells
Yellow
35
Central cavity of long bonesContains trabeculae filled with yellow marrowRed marrow found in ends of long bones
Medullary cavity
36
Tough, fibrous connective tissue that covers bone, except at articular ends
Periosteum
37
Lines marrow cavity
Endosteum
38
The development and formation of bonesBegins in the second month of embryonic life
Ossification
39
2 processes of ossification
IntermembranousEndochondral
40
Process of ossification that forms flat bones
Intermembranous
41
Process of ossification that creates short, irregular, and long bones
Endochondral
42
2 distinct centers of development from which endochondral ossification occurs
PrimarySecondary
43
Ossification that begins before birth and forms long central shaft in long bones
Primary
44
Ossification that occurs after birth when separate bones begin to develop at both ends of long bones
Secondary
45
Ends of long bones
Epiphysis
46
5 classifications of bones by shape
LongShortFlatIrregularSesamoid
47
Bones found only in limbsConsist of body and two enlarged articular endsExamples: femur and humerus
Long
48
Bones that consist mainly of cancellous bone with a thin outer layer of compact boneExample: carpal bones
Short
49
Bones that consist of two plates of compact bonesMiddle layer of cancellous bone called diploëExamples: sternum and cranium
Flat
50
Bones that are peculiarly shapedExamples: vertebrae and facial bones
Irregular
51
Bones that are very small and ovalDevelop inside and beside tendonsProtect the tendon from excessive wearLargest is patella
Sesamoid
52
The study of joints/articulations between bones
Arthrology
53
2 classifications of arthrology
Functional Structural
54
Three subdivisions of functional joints based on mobility of joint
SynarthrosesAmphiarthrosesDiarthroses
55
Synarthroses
Immoveable
56
Amphiarthroses
Slightly moveable
57
Diarthroses
Freely moveable
58
3 distinct groups of structural joints based on connective tissues
FibrousCartilaginousSynovial
59
Joints that do not have a joint cavityUnited by various fibrous and connective tissues and ligamentsStrongest joints in the body
Fibrous
60
3 types of fibrous joints
SyndesmosisSutureGomphosis
61
Immoveable or very slightly moveable jointsUnited by fibrous sheetsExample: inferior tibiofibular joint
Syndesmosis
62
Immoveable joint only in the skull
Suture
63
Immoveable joint only in roots of teeth
Gomphosis
64
Joints that do not have a joint cavityVirtually immoveable
Cartilaginous
65
2 types of cartilaginous joints
SymphysisSynchondrosis
66
Slightly moveable jointSeparated by a pad of fibrocartilageDesigned for strength and shock absorbencyExample: pubic symphysis
Symphysis
67
Immovable jointUnited by rigid cartilageExample: epiphyseal plate
Synchondrosis
68
Joints that permit wide range of motion; freely moveableComplex jointsEnclosed by articular capsuleMany have accessory soft tissues: meniscus and bursae
Synovial
69
6 types of synovial joints
GlidingHingePivotEllipsoidSaddleBall and socket
70
Simplest synovial jointExamples: intercarpal and intertarsal joints
Gliding
71
Synovial joint that permits flexion and extension onlyExamples: elbow and knee
Hinge
72
Synovial joint that allows rotation around a single axisExample: atlantoaxial joint (C1-C2 joint)
Pivot
73
Synovial joint that allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumductionExample: radiocarpal (wrist) joint
Ellipsoid
74
Synovial joint that allows movement similar to ellipsoidDifference is in the shape of the articular surfacesExample: carpometacarpal joint between trapezium and first metacarpal
Saddle
75
Synovial joint that permits widest range of motionExamples: hip and shoulder
Ball and Socket
76
Extend beyond or project out from the main body of a bone
Processes/projections
77
Hollow or depressed areas in bone
Depressions
78
A break in bone
Fracture
79
Rounded process at an articular end of bone
Condyle
80
Beaklike or crownlike process on bone
Coracoid or coronoid
81
Ridgelike process on bone
Crest
82
Projection above a condyle on bone
Epicondyle
83
Small, smooth-surfaced articular process on bone
Facet
84
Hook-shaped process on bone
Hamulus
85
Expanded end of a long bone
Head
86
Hornlike process on bone
Horn
87
Linear elevation on bone; not as prominent as a crest
Line
88
Club-shaped process on bone
Malleolus
89
Projecting prominence on bone
Protuberance
90
Sharp process on bone
Spine
91
Long, pointed process on bone
Styloid
92
Either of the two large, rounded, and elevated processes of the proximal femur
Trochanter
93
Small, rounded, and elevated process on bone
Tubercle
94
Large, rounded, and elevated process
Tuberosity
95
8 depressions of bone
FissureForamenFossaGrooveMeatusNotchSinusSulcus
96
Cleft or deep groove in bone
Fissure
97
Hole in a bone for transmission of vessels and nerves
Foramen
98
Pit, fovea, or hollow space in bone
Fossa
99
Shallow linear channel in bone
Groove
100
Tubelike passageway in bone
Meatus
101
Indentation in the border of a bone
Notch
102
Recess, groove, cavity, or hollow space in bone
Sinus
103
Furrow or trench in bone
Sulcus
104
4 types of fractures
ClosedOpenNondisplacedDisplaced
105
8 classifications of fractures (many fractures fall into more than one category)
CompressionTransverseCompound (open)Spiral/obliqueSimpleComminutedGreenstickImpacted
106
Forward or front part of the body or of a part
Anterior (ventral)
107
Back part of body or part
Posterior (dorsal)
108
Parts away from the head of the body toward the feet
Caudad
109
Parts toward the head
Cephalad
110
Nearer the head or situated above
Superior
111
Nearer the feet or situated below
Inferior
112
Mid area or main part of an organ
Central
113
At or near the surface, edge, or outside of another body part
Peripheral
114
Toward the median plane of the body or toward the middle of a body part
Medial
115
Away from the median plane or away from the middle of a part
Lateral
116
Near the skin or surface
Superficial
117
Far from the surface
Deep
118
Farthest from the point of attachment or origin
Distal
119
Nearer to the point of attachment or origin
Proximal
120
Outside the body or part
External
121
Inside the body or part
Internal
122
The wall or lining of a body cavity
Parietal
123
The covering of an organ
Visceral
124
Parts on the same side of the body
Ipsilateral
125
Parts on the opposite side of the body
Contralateral
126
Palm of the hand
Palmar
127
Sole of the foot
Plantar
128
Anterior, or top, of the foot or the back of the hand
Dorsum
129
The path of the CR as it exits the x-ray tube, passing through the patient to the IRIdentified by the entrance and exit points of the bodyEx: PA = entering posterior and exiting anterior
Projection
130
Overall posture of the patient or general body positionAlso refers to the specific placement of the body or part in relation to the table or IR
Position
131
Describes the body part as seen by the IRExact opposite of projection, the preferred term in the United States
View
132
Refers to a specific radiographic projection developed by an individual
Method
133
CR enters the anterior surface and exits the posterior
AP
134
CR enters the posterior surface and exits the anterior
PA
135
Longitudinal angle of the CR of 10 degrees or more
Axial
136
CR directed along the outer margin of a curved body surface
Tangential
137
CR enters one side of the body, passing transversely along the coronal plane
Lateral
138
CR enters from side angleEntrance and exit surfaces still specified (e.g., AP)
Oblique
139
Erect or vertical
Upright
140
Upright, but sitting on a stool
Seated
141
Lying down in any position
Recumbent
142
Lying on the back
Supine
143
Lying face down
Prone
144
Supine with the head lower than the feet
Trendelenburg’s position
145
Supine with the head elevated
Fowler’s position
146
Recumbent with patient lying on left anterior side with left leg extended and right knee and thigh partially flexed
Sims’ position
147
Supine with knees and hips flexed and thighs abducted and rotated externally, supported by ankle supports
Lithotomy position
148
Named according to the side of the patient that is placed closer to the IR
Lateral position
149
Body is rotated so that the coronal plane is not parallel with the table or IRAngle of rotation is specific for anatomy of interestNamed according to side and surface of body closer to table or IRAbbreviations: RPO, LPO, RAO, and LAO
Oblique
150
Recumbent position with a horizontal CRNamed according to the body surface on which the patient is lying
Decubitus position
151
Upright position in which the patient is leaning backward
Lordotic position
152
Movement of a part away from the central axis of thebody
Abduct/abduction
153
Movement of a part toward the central axis of the body
Adduct/adduction
154
Straightening of a joint
Extension
155
Bending of a joint
Flexion
156
Forced or excessive extension
Hyperextension
157
Forced overflexion
Hyperflexion
158
Outward turning of the foot at the ankle
Evert/eversion
159
Inward turning of the foot at the ankle
Invert/inversion
160
Rotation of forearm so that the palm is down
Pronate/pronation
161
Rotation of forearm so that the palm is up
Supinate/supination
162
Turning of the body or part around its axis either medial (toward midline) or lateral (away from midline)
Rotate/rotation
163
Circular movement of a limb
Circumduction
164
Tipping or slanting a body part slightly
Tilt
165
A turning away from the regular or standard course
Deviation
166
The science of the structure of the body
Anatomy
167
The study of the function of the body organs
Physiology
168
The detailed study of the body of knowledge relating to the bones of the body
Osteology
169
Imaginary planes that subdivide the body in reference to anatomic position"Slice" the body in all directions at designated levelsUsed in radiographic positioning to center a body part to the IR or CR
Body planes
170
4 fundamental planes
SagittalCoronalHorizontal Oblique
171
Plane that divides the body into right and left segments, passing vertically from front to back
Sagittal
172
A specific sagittal plane that passes through midline and divides the body into equal right and left halves
Midsagittal plane (MSP)
173
Plane that passes through the body vertically from side to side, dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts
Coronal
174
The specific plane that passes through midline and divides the body into equal anterior and posterior halves
Midcoronal plane (MCP)/midaxillary
175
Plane that passes crosswise through the body or body part at right angles to the longitudinal axisPositioned at right angle to sagittal and coronal planesDivides the body into superior and inferior portions
HorizontalTransverseAxialCross-sectional
176
Plane that passes through a body part at any angle between the previous three planes
Oblique
177
2 special planes
InteriliacOcclusal
178
Plane that transects the body at the pelvis at the top of the iliac crests (level of L4)
Interiliac
179
Plane formed by the biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth with jaws closed
Occlusal
180
2 great body cavities
ThoracicAbdominal
181
6 things the thoracic cavity contains
Pleural membranesLungsTracheaEsophagusPericardiumHeart and great vessels
182
10 things abdominal cavity contains
PeritoneumStomachLiverIntestinesGallbladderKidneysPancreas UretersSpleenMajor blood vessels
183
2 methods abdomen is divided into
QuadrantsRegions
184
2 divisions of the abdomen
Bordered superiorly by diaphragmBordered inferiorly by superior pelvic aperture (pelvic inlet)
185
4 quadrants of the abdomen (useful for describing the location of various abdominal organs)
Right upper quadrant (RUQ)Right lower quadrant (RLQ)Left upper quadrant (LUQ)Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
186
3 superior regions of abdomen
Right hypochondriumEpigastriumLeft hypochondrium
187
3 middle regions of abdomen
Right lateralUmbilicalLeft lateral
188
3 inferior regions of abdomen
Right inguinalHypogastriumLeft inguinal
189
The common variations in the shape of the human bodyImportant in radiography because it determines size, shape, and position of organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavitiesOrgans change position based on how body is made
Body habitus
190
6 organs affected by body habitus
HeartLungsDiaphragmStomachColonGallbladder
191
4 major types of body habitus
SthenicHyposthenicAsthenicHypersthenic
192
6 bone functions
Attachment for musclesMechanical basis for movementProtection of internal organsSupport frame for bodyStorage for calcium, phosphorus, and other saltsProduction of red and white blood cells
193
2 main groups in skeletal division
Axial skeleton (80 bones)Appendicular skeleton (126 bones)
194
Skeleton that supports the head and trunk
Axial
195
Skeleton that provides means for movement
Appendicular
196
Strong, dense outer layer of bone
Compact
197
Inner, less dense layer of boneContains a spiculated network called trabeculae (filled with red and yellow marrow)
Spongy
198
Marrow that produces red and white blood cells
Red
199
Marrow that stores fat cells
Yellow
200
Central cavity of long bonesContains trabeculae filled with yellow marrowRed marrow found in ends of long bones
Medullary cavity
201
Tough, fibrous connective tissue that covers bone, except at articular ends
Periosteum
202
Lines marrow cavity
Endosteum
203
The development and formation of bonesBegins in the second month of embryonic life
Ossification
204
2 processes of ossification
IntermembranousEndochondral
205
Process of ossification that forms flat bones
Intermembranous
206
Process of ossification that creates short, irregular, and long bones
Endochondral
207
2 distinct centers of development from which endochondral ossification occurs
PrimarySecondary
208
Ossification that begins before birth and forms long central shaft in long bones
Primary
209
Ossification that occurs after birth when separate bones begin to develop at both ends of long bones
Secondary
210
Ends of long bones
Epiphysis
211
5 classifications of bones by shape
LongShortFlatIrregularSesamoid
212
Bones found only in limbsConsist of body and two enlarged articular endsExamples: femur and humerus
Long
213
Bones that consist mainly of cancellous bone with a thin outer layer of compact boneExample: carpal bones
Short
214
Bones that consist of two plates of compact bonesMiddle layer of cancellous bone called diploëExamples: sternum and cranium
Flat
215
Bones that are peculiarly shapedExamples: vertebrae and facial bones
Irregular
216
Bones that are very small and ovalDevelop inside and beside tendonsProtect the tendon from excessive wearLargest is patella
Sesamoid
217
The study of joints/articulations between bones
Arthrology
218
2 classifications of arthrology
Functional Structural
219
Three subdivisions of functional joints based on mobility of joint
SynarthrosesAmphiarthrosesDiarthroses
220
Synarthroses
Immoveable
221
Amphiarthroses
Slightly moveable
222
Diarthroses
Freely moveable
223
3 distinct groups of structural joints based on connective tissues
FibrousCartilaginousSynovial
224
Joints that do not have a joint cavityUnited by various fibrous and connective tissues and ligamentsStrongest joints in the body
Fibrous
225
3 types of fibrous joints
SyndesmosisSutureGomphosis
226
Immoveable or very slightly moveable jointsUnited by fibrous sheetsExample: inferior tibiofibular joint
Syndesmosis
227
Immoveable joint only in the skull
Suture
228
Immoveable joint only in roots of teeth
Gomphosis
229
Joints that do not have a joint cavityVirtually immoveable
Cartilaginous
230
2 types of cartilaginous joints
SymphysisSynchondrosis
231
Slightly moveable jointSeparated by a pad of fibrocartilageDesigned for strength and shock absorbencyExample: pubic symphysis
Symphysis
232
Immovable jointUnited by rigid cartilageExample: epiphyseal plate
Synchondrosis
233
Joints that permit wide range of motion; freely moveableComplex jointsEnclosed by articular capsuleMany have accessory soft tissues: meniscus and bursae
Synovial
234
6 types of synovial joints
GlidingHingePivotEllipsoidSaddleBall and socket
235
Simplest synovial jointExamples: intercarpal and intertarsal joints
Gliding
236
Synovial joint that permits flexion and extension onlyExamples: elbow and knee
Hinge
237
Synovial joint that allows rotation around a single axisExample: atlantoaxial joint (C1-C2 joint)
Pivot
238
Synovial joint that allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumductionExample: radiocarpal (wrist) joint
Ellipsoid
239
Synovial joint that allows movement similar to ellipsoidDifference is in the shape of the articular surfacesExample: carpometacarpal joint between trapezium and first metacarpal
Saddle
240
Synovial joint that permits widest range of motionExamples: hip and shoulder
Ball and Socket
241
Extend beyond or project out from the main body of a bone
Processes/projections
242
Hollow or depressed areas in bone
Depressions
243
A break in bone
Fracture
244
Rounded process at an articular end of bone
Condyle
245
Beaklike or crownlike process on bone
Coracoid or coronoid
246
Ridgelike process on bone
Crest
247
Projection above a condyle on bone
Epicondyle
248
Small, smooth-surfaced articular process on bone
Facet
249
Hook-shaped process on bone
Hamulus
250
Expanded end of a long bone
Head
251
Hornlike process on bone
Horn
252
Linear elevation on bone; not as prominent as a crest
Line
253
Club-shaped process on bone
Malleolus
254
Projecting prominence on bone
Protuberance
255
Sharp process on bone
Spine
256
Long, pointed process on bone
Styloid
257
Either of the two large, rounded, and elevated processes of the proximal femur
Trochanter
258
Small, rounded, and elevated process on bone
Tubercle
259
Large, rounded, and elevated process
Tuberosity
260
8 depressions of bone
FissureForamenFossaGrooveMeatusNotchSinusSulcus
261
Cleft or deep groove in bone
Fissure
262
Hole in a bone for transmission of vessels and nerves
Foramen
263
Pit, fovea, or hollow space in bone
Fossa
264
Shallow linear channel in bone
Groove
265
Tubelike passageway in bone
Meatus
266
Indentation in the border of a bone
Notch
267
Recess, groove, cavity, or hollow space in bone
Sinus
268
Furrow or trench in bone
Sulcus
269
4 types of fractures
ClosedOpenNondisplacedDisplaced
270
8 classifications of fractures (many fractures fall into more than one category)
CompressionTransverseCompound (open)Spiral/obliqueSimpleComminutedGreenstickImpacted
271
Forward or front part of the body or of a part
Anterior (ventral)
272
Back part of body or part
Posterior (dorsal)
273
Parts away from the head of the body toward the feet
Caudad
274
Parts toward the head
Cephalad
275
Nearer the head or situated above
Superior
276
Nearer the feet or situated below
Inferior
277
Mid area or main part of an organ
Central
278
At or near the surface, edge, or outside of another body part
Peripheral
279
Toward the median plane of the body or toward the middle of a body part
Medial
280
Away from the median plane or away from the middle of a part
Lateral
281
Near the skin or surface
Superficial
282
Far from the surface
Deep
283
Farthest from the point of attachment or origin
Distal
284
Nearer to the point of attachment or origin
Proximal
285
Outside the body or part
External
286
Inside the body or part
Internal
287
The wall or lining of a body cavity
Parietal
288
The covering of an organ
Visceral
289
Parts on the same side of the body
Ipsilateral
290
Parts on the opposite side of the body
Contralateral
291
Palm of the hand
Palmar
292
Sole of the foot
Plantar
293
Anterior, or top, of the foot or the back of the hand
Dorsum
294
The path of the CR as it exits the x-ray tube, passing through the patient to the IRIdentified by the entrance and exit points of the bodyEx: PA = entering posterior and exiting anterior
Projection
295
Overall posture of the patient or general body positionAlso refers to the specific placement of the body or part in relation to the table or IR
Position
296
Describes the body part as seen by the IRExact opposite of projection, the preferred term in the United States
View
297
Refers to a specific radiographic projection developed by an individual
Method
298
CR enters the anterior surface and exits the posterior
AP
299
CR enters the posterior surface and exits the anterior
PA
300
Longitudinal angle of the CR of 10 degrees or more
Axial
301
CR directed along the outer margin of a curved body surface
Tangential
302
CR enters one side of the body, passing transversely along the coronal plane
Lateral
303
CR enters from side angleEntrance and exit surfaces still specified (e.g., AP)
Oblique
304
Erect or vertical
Upright
305
Upright, but sitting on a stool
Seated
306
Lying down in any position
Recumbent
307
Lying on the back
Supine
308
Lying face down
Prone
309
Supine with the head lower than the feet
Trendelenburg’s position
310
Supine with the head elevated
Fowler’s position
311
Recumbent with patient lying on left anterior side with left leg extended and right knee and thigh partially flexed
Sims’ position
312
Supine with knees and hips flexed and thighs abducted and rotated externally, supported by ankle supports
Lithotomy position
313
Named according to the side of the patient that is placed closer to the IR
Lateral position
314
Body is rotated so that the coronal plane is not parallel with the table or IRAngle of rotation is specific for anatomy of interestNamed according to side and surface of body closer to table or IRAbbreviations: RPO, LPO, RAO, and LAO
Oblique
315
Recumbent position with a horizontal CRNamed according to the body surface on which the patient is lying
Decubitus position
316
Upright position in which the patient is leaning backward
Lordotic position
317
Movement of a part away from the central axis of thebody
Abduct/abduction
318
Movement of a part toward the central axis of the body
Adduct/adduction
319
Straightening of a joint
Extension
320
Bending of a joint
Flexion
321
Forced or excessive extension
Hyperextension
322
Forced overflexion
Hyperflexion
323
Outward turning of the foot at the ankle
Evert/eversion
324
Inward turning of the foot at the ankle
Invert/inversion
325
Rotation of forearm so that the palm is down
Pronate/pronation
326
Rotation of forearm so that the palm is up
Supinate/supination
327
Turning of the body or part around its axis either medial (toward midline) or lateral (away from midline)
Rotate/rotation
328
Circular movement of a limb
Circumduction
329
Tipping or slanting a body part slightly
Tilt
330
A turning away from the regular or standard course
Deviation
331
The science of the structure of the body
Anatomy
332
The study of the function of the body organs
Physiology
333
The detailed study of the body of knowledge relating to the bones of the body
Osteology
334
Imaginary planes that subdivide the body in reference to anatomic position"Slice" the body in all directions at designated levelsUsed in radiographic positioning to center a body part to the IR or CR
Body planes
335
4 fundamental planes
SagittalCoronalHorizontal Oblique
336
Plane that divides the body into right and left segments, passing vertically from front to back
Sagittal
337
A specific sagittal plane that passes through midline and divides the body into equal right and left halves
Midsagittal plane (MSP)
338
Plane that passes through the body vertically from side to side, dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts
Coronal
339
The specific plane that passes through midline and divides the body into equal anterior and posterior halves
Midcoronal plane (MCP)/midaxillary
340
Plane that passes crosswise through the body or body part at right angles to the longitudinal axisPositioned at right angle to sagittal and coronal planesDivides the body into superior and inferior portions
HorizontalTransverseAxialCross-sectional
341
Plane that passes through a body part at any angle between the previous three planes
Oblique
342
2 special planes
InteriliacOcclusal
343
Plane that transects the body at the pelvis at the top of the iliac crests (level of L4)
Interiliac
344
Plane formed by the biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth with jaws closed
Occlusal
345
2 great body cavities
ThoracicAbdominal
346
6 things the thoracic cavity contains
Pleural membranesLungsTracheaEsophagusPericardiumHeart and great vessels
347
10 things abdominal cavity contains
PeritoneumStomachLiverIntestinesGallbladderKidneysPancreas UretersSpleenMajor blood vessels
348
2 methods abdomen is divided into
QuadrantsRegions
349
2 divisions of the abdomen
Bordered superiorly by diaphragmBordered inferiorly by superior pelvic aperture (pelvic inlet)
350
4 quadrants of the abdomen (useful for describing the location of various abdominal organs)
Right upper quadrant (RUQ)Right lower quadrant (RLQ)Left upper quadrant (LUQ)Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
351
3 superior regions of abdomen
Right hypochondriumEpigastriumLeft hypochondrium
352
3 middle regions of abdomen
Right lateralUmbilicalLeft lateral
353
3 inferior regions of abdomen
Right inguinalHypogastriumLeft inguinal
354
The common variations in the shape of the human bodyImportant in radiography because it determines size, shape, and position of organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavitiesOrgans change position based on how body is made
Body habitus
355
6 organs affected by body habitus
HeartLungsDiaphragmStomachColonGallbladder
356
4 major types of body habitus
SthenicHyposthenicAsthenicHypersthenic
357
6 bone functions
Attachment for musclesMechanical basis for movementProtection of internal organsSupport frame for bodyStorage for calcium, phosphorus, and other saltsProduction of red and white blood cells
358
2 main groups in skeletal division
Axial skeleton (80 bones)Appendicular skeleton (126 bones)
359
Skeleton that supports the head and trunk
Axial
360
Skeleton that provides means for movement
Appendicular
361
Strong, dense outer layer of bone
Compact
362
Inner, less dense layer of boneContains a spiculated network called trabeculae (filled with red and yellow marrow)
Spongy
363
Marrow that produces red and white blood cells
Red
364
Marrow that stores fat cells
Yellow
365
Central cavity of long bonesContains trabeculae filled with yellow marrowRed marrow found in ends of long bones
Medullary cavity
366
Tough, fibrous connective tissue that covers bone, except at articular ends
Periosteum
367
Lines marrow cavity
Endosteum
368
The development and formation of bonesBegins in the second month of embryonic life
Ossification
369
2 processes of ossification
IntermembranousEndochondral
370
Process of ossification that forms flat bones
Intermembranous
371
Process of ossification that creates short, irregular, and long bones
Endochondral
372
2 distinct centers of development from which endochondral ossification occurs
PrimarySecondary
373
Ossification that begins before birth and forms long central shaft in long bones
Primary
374
Ossification that occurs after birth when separate bones begin to develop at both ends of long bones
Secondary
375
Ends of long bones
Epiphysis
376
5 classifications of bones by shape
LongShortFlatIrregularSesamoid
377
Bones found only in limbsConsist of body and two enlarged articular endsExamples: femur and humerus
Long
378
Bones that consist mainly of cancellous bone with a thin outer layer of compact boneExample: carpal bones
Short
379
Bones that consist of two plates of compact bonesMiddle layer of cancellous bone called diploëExamples: sternum and cranium
Flat
380
Bones that are peculiarly shapedExamples: vertebrae and facial bones
Irregular
381
Bones that are very small and ovalDevelop inside and beside tendonsProtect the tendon from excessive wearLargest is patella
Sesamoid
382
The study of joints/articulations between bones
Arthrology
383
2 classifications of arthrology
Functional Structural
384
Three subdivisions of functional joints based on mobility of joint
SynarthrosesAmphiarthrosesDiarthroses
385
Synarthroses
Immoveable
386
Amphiarthroses
Slightly moveable
387
Diarthroses
Freely moveable
388
3 distinct groups of structural joints based on connective tissues
FibrousCartilaginousSynovial
389
Joints that do not have a joint cavityUnited by various fibrous and connective tissues and ligamentsStrongest joints in the body
Fibrous
390
3 types of fibrous joints
SyndesmosisSutureGomphosis
391
Immoveable or very slightly moveable jointsUnited by fibrous sheetsExample: inferior tibiofibular joint
Syndesmosis
392
Immoveable joint only in the skull
Suture
393
Immoveable joint only in roots of teeth
Gomphosis
394
Joints that do not have a joint cavityVirtually immoveable
Cartilaginous
395
2 types of cartilaginous joints
SymphysisSynchondrosis
396
Slightly moveable jointSeparated by a pad of fibrocartilageDesigned for strength and shock absorbencyExample: pubic symphysis
Symphysis
397
Immovable jointUnited by rigid cartilageExample: epiphyseal plate
Synchondrosis
398
Joints that permit wide range of motion; freely moveableComplex jointsEnclosed by articular capsuleMany have accessory soft tissues: meniscus and bursae
Synovial
399
6 types of synovial joints
GlidingHingePivotEllipsoidSaddleBall and socket
400
Simplest synovial jointExamples: intercarpal and intertarsal joints
Gliding
401
Synovial joint that permits flexion and extension onlyExamples: elbow and knee
Hinge
402
Synovial joint that allows rotation around a single axisExample: atlantoaxial joint (C1-C2 joint)
Pivot
403
Synovial joint that allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumductionExample: radiocarpal (wrist) joint
Ellipsoid
404
Synovial joint that allows movement similar to ellipsoidDifference is in the shape of the articular surfacesExample: carpometacarpal joint between trapezium and first metacarpal
Saddle
405
Synovial joint that permits widest range of motionExamples: hip and shoulder
Ball and Socket
406
Extend beyond or project out from the main body of a bone
Processes/projections
407
Hollow or depressed areas in bone
Depressions
408
A break in bone
Fracture
409
Rounded process at an articular end of bone
Condyle
410
Beaklike or crownlike process on bone
Coracoid or coronoid
411
Ridgelike process on bone
Crest
412
Projection above a condyle on bone
Epicondyle
413
Small, smooth-surfaced articular process on bone
Facet
414
Hook-shaped process on bone
Hamulus
415
Expanded end of a long bone
Head
416
Hornlike process on bone
Horn
417
Linear elevation on bone; not as prominent as a crest
Line
418
Club-shaped process on bone
Malleolus
419
Projecting prominence on bone
Protuberance
420
Sharp process on bone
Spine
421
Long, pointed process on bone
Styloid
422
Either of the two large, rounded, and elevated processes of the proximal femur
Trochanter
423
Small, rounded, and elevated process on bone
Tubercle
424
Large, rounded, and elevated process
Tuberosity
425
8 depressions of bone
FissureForamenFossaGrooveMeatusNotchSinusSulcus
426
Cleft or deep groove in bone
Fissure
427
Hole in a bone for transmission of vessels and nerves
Foramen
428
Pit, fovea, or hollow space in bone
Fossa
429
Shallow linear channel in bone
Groove
430
Tubelike passageway in bone
Meatus
431
Indentation in the border of a bone
Notch
432
Recess, groove, cavity, or hollow space in bone
Sinus
433
Furrow or trench in bone
Sulcus
434
4 types of fractures
ClosedOpenNondisplacedDisplaced
435
8 classifications of fractures (many fractures fall into more than one category)
CompressionTransverseCompound (open)Spiral/obliqueSimpleComminutedGreenstickImpacted
436
Forward or front part of the body or of a part
Anterior (ventral)
437
Back part of body or part
Posterior (dorsal)
438
Parts away from the head of the body toward the feet
Caudad
439
Parts toward the head
Cephalad
440
Nearer the head or situated above
Superior
441
Nearer the feet or situated below
Inferior
442
Mid area or main part of an organ
Central
443
At or near the surface, edge, or outside of another body part
Peripheral
444
Toward the median plane of the body or toward the middle of a body part
Medial
445
Away from the median plane or away from the middle of a part
Lateral
446
Near the skin or surface
Superficial
447
Far from the surface
Deep
448
Farthest from the point of attachment or origin
Distal
449
Nearer to the point of attachment or origin
Proximal
450
Outside the body or part
External
451
Inside the body or part
Internal
452
The wall or lining of a body cavity
Parietal
453
The covering of an organ
Visceral
454
Parts on the same side of the body
Ipsilateral
455
Parts on the opposite side of the body
Contralateral
456
Palm of the hand
Palmar
457
Sole of the foot
Plantar
458
Anterior, or top, of the foot or the back of the hand
Dorsum
459
The path of the CR as it exits the x-ray tube, passing through the patient to the IRIdentified by the entrance and exit points of the bodyEx: PA = entering posterior and exiting anterior
Projection
460
Overall posture of the patient or general body positionAlso refers to the specific placement of the body or part in relation to the table or IR
Position
461
Describes the body part as seen by the IRExact opposite of projection, the preferred term in the United States
View
462
Refers to a specific radiographic projection developed by an individual
Method
463
CR enters the anterior surface and exits the posterior
AP
464
CR enters the posterior surface and exits the anterior
PA
465
Longitudinal angle of the CR of 10 degrees or more
Axial
466
CR directed along the outer margin of a curved body surface
Tangential
467
CR enters one side of the body, passing transversely along the coronal plane
Lateral
468
CR enters from side angleEntrance and exit surfaces still specified (e.g., AP)
Oblique
469
Erect or vertical
Upright
470
Upright, but sitting on a stool
Seated
471
Lying down in any position
Recumbent
472
Lying on the back
Supine
473
Lying face down
Prone
474
Supine with the head lower than the feet
Trendelenburg’s position
475
Supine with the head elevated
Fowler’s position
476
Recumbent with patient lying on left anterior side with left leg extended and right knee and thigh partially flexed
Sims’ position
477
Supine with knees and hips flexed and thighs abducted and rotated externally, supported by ankle supports
Lithotomy position
478
Named according to the side of the patient that is placed closer to the IR
Lateral position
479
Body is rotated so that the coronal plane is not parallel with the table or IRAngle of rotation is specific for anatomy of interestNamed according to side and surface of body closer to table or IRAbbreviations: RPO, LPO, RAO, and LAO
Oblique
480
Recumbent position with a horizontal CRNamed according to the body surface on which the patient is lying
Decubitus position
481
Upright position in which the patient is leaning backward
Lordotic position
482
Movement of a part away from the central axis of thebody
Abduct/abduction
483
Movement of a part toward the central axis of the body
Adduct/adduction
484
Straightening of a joint
Extension
485
Bending of a joint
Flexion
486
Forced or excessive extension
Hyperextension
487
Forced overflexion
Hyperflexion
488
Outward turning of the foot at the ankle
Evert/eversion
489
Inward turning of the foot at the ankle
Invert/inversion
490
Rotation of forearm so that the palm is down
Pronate/pronation
491
Rotation of forearm so that the palm is up
Supinate/supination
492
Turning of the body or part around its axis either medial (toward midline) or lateral (away from midline)
Rotate/rotation
493
Circular movement of a limb
Circumduction
494
Tipping or slanting a body part slightly
Tilt
495
A turning away from the regular or standard course
Deviation
