Ch. 3 Structural Design Features Flashcards by Neil Meeyadie

Any effect (or force) that a structure must resist

Load

gravity, wind, earthquakes or soil pressure

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Total weight of building exerts a force on:

The soil beneath it

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Most critical aspect of engineering design is determining the _________________ to which the structure will be subjected.

Type and magnitude of the forces

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Forces wind exerts on a building: (3)

Direct pressure-IMPACT effect, may be reduced by STREAMLINING
Aerodynamic drag-winds fluid nature to FLOW around object, DRAG effect.
Negative pressure-SUCTION effect on downward side, resulting in OUTWARD pressure

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Secondary effects produced from fundamental forces:

Rocking effects-back and forth from variations in velocity
Vibration-wind passing over surface (vibration) depending on harmonic characteristics
Clean-off effect-tendency to dislodge objects (canopies/parapets)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Major Earthquakes occur most frequently in parts of the world known as:

Fault zones OR

Zones of high probability

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Zones of high probability:

pacific coast of US/Canada
Hawaii
central Utah
southern Illinois
bldg codes provide seismic maps*

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Vibrational motion produced by earthquakes can be ______.

Three dimensional

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Shifting of earths surface can produce forces that are either:

torsional OR

- resonant in nature (movements of large amplitude resulting from small force)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

________ are movements of relatively large amplitude resulting from a small force applied at the natural frequency of a structure.

Resonant forces

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Magnitude of forces in a bldg during earthquake depend on: (5)

magnitude of vibratory motion
type of foundation
nature of soil under building
stiffness of structure
presence of damping mechanisms within bldg
no mention of height*

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

One phenomenon associated with earthquakes is ____________. Occurs where the soil is of loose, sandy nature and saturated with water. Earthquake and particles try to move closer, but water prevents this. Reduction of strength in soil and shifting of foundations.

Soil liquefaction

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Although movement of ground beneath a building can be three-dimensional, the _______ is the most significant force.

Horizontal motion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Tendency of a body to remain in motion or at rest until it is acted upon by force.

Inertia

keeps upper portion of building momentarily in initial position

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Buildings with ________ are inherently _____ susceptible to damage from earthquakes than buildings with symmetrical design.

Geometric irregularities

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Seismic joint between two sections of a building. The required _____ increases based on the _____ of the building

Width

Height

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Provided to control vibration.
Operate in manner similar to door closer.
Typically installed at connection between columns/beams.
Absorb energy.

Damping mechanism.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

2 design methods to protect bldgs against force of earthquakes

Use of shear walls or cross-bracing (long vibrational periods)
-symmetrically located (prevent torsional forces)
Use of continuous structures with high degree of redundancy in frames
-more members have to fail

continuity at joints absorb energy better than those free to rotate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

2 types of base isolation

Elastomeric bearings
-rubber or neoprene
-change vibrational frequency
Sliding systems (less common)
-plates sliding on each other
-isolate bldg from HORIZONTAL SHEAR force

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Forces associated with ____ are difficult to determine accurately and can only be estimated

Soils

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Soil Pressure-

Magnitude of pressure depends ________, _______, and _______.

Type of soil
Degree of cohesion
Moisture content

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Soil against foundation

ACTIVE soil pressure

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Foundation against soil

PASSIVE soil pressure

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Other forces that may be exerted on building (3)

Temperature (members at periphery expand/contract)
Vibration
Shrinkage (wood)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Weight of any permanent part of the building

DEAD load-constant and immobile

Any load not fixed or permanent

LIVE load-usually contents, occupants and weight of SNOW or RAIN on roof. Wind or seismic.

________load is applied over a large area.

Uniformly distributed

_______ load is one that is applied at one point or over a small area. Highly localized loads.

Concentrated

Loads that are steady or applied gradually

Static loads-dead load of bldg, snow load, many live loads

Loads that involve motion

``` Dynamic load (aka SHOCK LOADING)-wind, FF's, vibration, falling objects *capable of delivering ENERGY to a structure IN ADDITION to the weight of the object* ```

_____ loads have the ability to cause failure after repeated cycles

Dynamic

When the support provided by a structural system is EQUAL to the applied loads, a condition known as _________ exists.

Equilibrium

Forces that resist the applied loads are known as ______

Reactions

Tension = those ______ forces that tend to pull things apart

Vertical OR Horizontal

Exterior loads create INTERIOR forces. The interior forces _______, _____, and ______.

Tension-pull material apart Compression-squeeze the material Shear-slide one plane of a material past an adjacent plane

Measurement of FORCE INTENSITY and is expressed as force units divided by area over which the force is applied.

Stress

Failure point of ordinary structural steel

36,000 psi

Exterior loads can be classified as: (3)

Axial Eccentric Torsional

_______ is a load that is perpendicular to the cross section but does NOT PASS through the center of the cross section. - This load creates stresses that VARY across the section and may be both tensile AND compressive.

Eccentric

______ load is OFFSET from the center of the cross section of the structural member and at an ANGLE to or in the same plane as the cross section. - produces a twisting effect that creates SHEAR stresses.

Torsional

__________ is a load applied to the CENTER of the cross-section of a structural member and PERPENDICULAR to that cross section. - can be EITHER tensile or compressive, creating uniform stresses across the cross-section.

Axial

Larger structural systems can be constructed from several basic components, including some of the following: (BCACTSC)

``` Beams Columns Arches Cables Trusses Space frames Connectors ```

______ is the structural member that can carry loads perpendicular to its longitudinal dimension.

Beam

The primary design consideration of beams is their:

Ability to resist bending from the APPLIED loads.

____________ introduces stresses across the cross-section of a beam that are not uniform.

The bending moment = the force multiplied by the distance at which a bending moment is applied.

At the middle of the beam, a point known as ________, the tension and compression stresses are actually ZERO.

Neutral axis

________ are structural members designed to support an axial compressive load.

Columns | *stresses=primarily compressive, not designed to withstand stresses due to bending*

Columns | In cases of failure, tall, thin columns fail by _______ and short, squats columns fail by _______.

Buckling Crushing

If supports at the ends of the arches shift because of ______ or ______, bending stresses may develop in the arch.

Settling soil | Thermal expansion

Used to carry loads across a distance and have application as support for roofs and entrances in masonry buildings.

Arches

Flexible structural members | Used to support loads over a distance will assume the shape of a ____________. Stresses are _______ stresses.

Cables Parabola Tension

________ are framed structural units made up of a group of triangles in ONE plane.

Trusses

_______ are truss structures that are developed into three dimension.

Space frames

(Trusses) If loads are applied only at the POINT OF INTERSECTION of the truss members, only _____ or _____ stresses will affect the members of the truss. If loads are applied to the truss BETWEEN THE INTERSECTION POINTS of the members, which will also create _________.

Compressive or Tensile Bending forces

Curved members of a bowstring truss are unavoidably subjected to __________.

bending forces

Joints of trusses may be formed by ____, _____, ____, _____, or _____.

- pin connections - welding - gusset plates - strap connectors - structural adhesives

Lightweight wood OR metal trusses, known as _______, have become very common in FLOOR construction, taking the place of solid joists.

Truss joists

Lightweight wood trusses are also commonly used in _____ construction.

Roof

Lightweight steel trusses, known as _________, are also used for floor and roof construction in fire-resistive and non-combustible construction.

Bar joists

______ trusses even lighter than steel bar joists are available, made of ______ or ______, and assembled with ______.

Roof Galvanized steel studs or channels Self-drilling screws

Design of space frames is more complicated than with two-dimensional trusses because:

The forces must be ANALYZED in three dimensions

Wood truss connectors

- gusset plates - metal straps - adhesives - pins and bolts - brackets

Members of steel trusses joined using:

- steel gusset plates - rivets - welds

_______ can affect the behavior of trusses under fire conditions.

Quality control in the manufacture of trusses

Uses the walls of the bldg to support spanning elements such as beams, trusses and precast concrete slab.

Bearing wall structures

Materials used for bearing walls include:

- concrete masonry units (cmu's or concrete blocks) - bricks - stone - concrete panels

Types of structural frame construction (besides wood):

- steel stud framing - post and beam construction - rigid frames - truss frames - slab and column frames

Relatively closely spaced vertical studs connected by top and bottom horizontal members with diagonal bracing for stability refers to:

Steel Stud Wall Framing | *rigid wall panel*

Uses a series of vertical elements to support horizontal elements that are subject to TRANSVERSE loads

Post and Beam

Besides wood, masonry for posts, steel and precast for posts and beams Vertical posts spaced 24 in. apart Minimum dimensions larger than studs in stud wall Posts 6 x 8 in. when supporting roofs Diagonal braces to withstand lateral loads

Post and Beam Construction

When the joints between columns and a beam are reinforced so bending stresses can be transmitted through the joints, the structural system is known as ________.

Rigid Frames

The peak of the roof has a hinged connection to allow for slight movement. This type of rigid frame can be constructed of _____, _____, or _____.

Steel, laminated wood, or reinforced concrete

Rigid Frames | The ________ usually must be reinforced and will be the LAST portion of the assembly to fail under fire conditions.

Joints

Slab and column frames are most frequently encountered in _____________.

Concrete structures

Floor slabs supported by columns. Intersection between slab and column is a region of high stress, usually reinforced by a _______ or _______.

Capital or drop panel

Membrane structure distinguished from a simple tent by:

It's permanence - tent = short periods - membrane structure = permanent

Bldgs that consist primarily of an enclosing surface and in which the STRESSES resulting from the applied loads occur within the SURFACE.

Surface system

Structure with an enclosing surface of a thin stretched flexible material

Membrane structure

_________ structures are rigid three-dimensional structures having a thickness that is small compared to other structural material dimensions. They lend themselves to regular geometric shapes such as: - cones - domes - barrel vaults - folded plates

Shell Most common concrete Also plywood or fiberglass

Building codes typically address membrane structures with a life of _________ while fire codes address those to be used for __________.

BC 180 days or more | FC Less than 180 days

Fabric roofs weigh only about __________.

2 lbs per square foot

Increasing the stiffness of a building reduces its susceptibility to ground motions that have a ________________ period. When areas where ___________ periods are expected, the use of a flexible

Long (meaning slow) vibrational. Short vibrational.

US and Canada, frames are usually _____ and sometimes _____.

Steel | Aluminum

Fabrics cannot resist ____ forces; therefore cables and masts or tubular or solid frameworks must support the fabrics. Frameworks can be made of ______, _______ or _______.

Compressive | Wood, concrete or steel