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BC 3rd > Ch. 9 Steel Construction > Flashcards

Ch. 9 Steel Construction Flashcards

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1
Q

P. 258

BEHAVIOR of steel under fire conditions depends on: (2)

A
  • the MASS of steel

- degree of RESISTANCE

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2
Q

PROTECTION of steel depends on: (4)

A
  • INTEGRITY of installation
  • protection METHODS
  • MAINTENANCE
  • FAILURE POINTS
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3
Q

Basic properties of steel (4)

A

STRONGEST of bldg material
NON-ROTTING, resists aging, dimensionally stable
Consistent QUALITY
Relatively INEXPENSIVE (strength/forms enable to be used in smaller quantities)

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4
Q

Steel is basically an alloy of:

A

Iron and carbon

  • structural steel less than 3/10 of 1% carbon*
  • cast iron = 3-4% carbon
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5
Q

Composition of steel can be altered:
Molybdenum for:
Vanadium for:
Manganese for:

A

Molybdenum - strength
Vanadium - strength/toughness
Manganese - resistance to abrasion
movama

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5
Q

Lower carbon content of steel results in material that is ____ rather than _____.

A

Ductile
Brittle
-ductile = enables steel to be rolled into variety of shapes
Rolling ingots at 2,200F between rollers

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7
Q

The _____ of steel also allows it to be rolled in the cold state. Known as CRS.

A

Ductility

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8
Q

CRS can be used for _______ partitions or _______ walls.

A

Interior non-load bearing

Exterior bearing

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9
Q

Steels with _____ yield points have _____ ductility.

A

High

Less

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10
Q

Very common steel, A36, has yield point of ______.

A

36,000 psi
yield point reached-pronounced deformation
Breaks at “Ultimate Stress”

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11
Q

Steel possesses 2 inherent disadvantages:

A

Tendency to RUST (exposed to air and moisture)

Loss of STRENGTH (exposed to heat)

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12
Q

Steel protected by rust: (3)

A

Paint
Coating (zinc and aluminum)
Produced using ingredients that resist rust (stainless)

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13
Q

To the fire service, ______________ is its most significant characteristic.

A

Deterioration of the strength of steel at elevated temperatures

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14
Q

Fire typically encountered by firefighters do NOT ___________. However, they DO create enough heat to ____________, resulting in _________.

A

Create temperatures hot enough to MELT steel
Greatly weaken steel
Structural failure

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15
Q

At 1,000F, yield point of steel has dropped from 36,000 psi to _______. At 1,200F, it has dropped to ______.

A

18,000 psi.

10,000 psi

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16
Q

Because temperatures in excess of _______ are regularly encountered in fire, failure of unprotected steel, to a greater or lesser degree, _________.

A

1,200F.

Can be anticipated

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16
Q

Speed at which unprotected steel fails depends on (5)

A 
MASS
INTENSITY of fire
LOAD supported
Type of CONNECTIONS
Type of STEEL
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17
Q

Density of steel

A

490 lbs per cu. ft.

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18
Q

Unprotected steel; members such as ____ and ____ can be expected to fail EARLY

A

Bar joists

Slender trusses

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19
Q

BC 20 ft beam heated from 70-1,000F will elongate _____

A
  1. 4 inches

* HOT 100 ft @1000F = 9 1/2 in. lengthwise*

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20
Q

Heating of steel _____ occur in a uniform manner

A

DOES NOT

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21
Q

Both yielding and thermal expansion take place simultaneously; however the tendency for steel to _____, and therefore ______ is the MORE SIGNIFICANT concern in most fire situations.

A

Yield

Bend or buckle

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22
Q

Cast iron tends to fail by _______________. (Columns and staircases)

A

Fracturing from impact loading

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23
Q

Cast Iron; Firefighter need to be concerned with _____________. It may be a failure of _________.

A

The way the cast iron fronts are ATTACHED to the structures.

These attachment points

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24
Steel shapes can be used to construct a frame of:
Columns Beams Girders
25
Large horizontal member used to support joists and beams at their isolated points along their length.
Girder
26
Because steel is _____ but very _____, it is not efficient to use it in the form of _____________ as is done with wood or concrete.
Strong Dense Solid slabs or panels
27
Beams and columns connected by (2)
Bolting or welding | *riveting not practical today*
28
Connections are ________. | Connection of a beam to a column not only _____ but also ________.
Very important Transfers the load Determines the rigidity of the basic structure
29
Beam and GIRDER frames can be classified as: (3)
Rigid Simple Semi-rigid
30
``` Beam and Girder Frame; Not completely rigid: enough rigidity for some diagonal support Shear panels or diagonal bracing Shear panels-reinforced walls Shear walls-continuous ```
Semi-rigid
31
``` Beam and Girder Frame; Support a vertical force Degree of angular change CAN OCCUR if no diagonal bracing Supported by masonry wall Also examples of simply supported ```
Simple Frame
32
Beam and Girder frame; Connections resist bending forces No change in angle
Rigid frame
33
Two commonly encountered applications of the basic steel truss are the:
``` Open web joist (Lightweight steel truss). Joist girder (Heavy steel truss-take place of beams) ``` *steel truss-opens her web, find the girder*
34
Open web TRUSS constructed entirely of steel, with steel bars used as the web members (round bar used)
Bar Joist - Closely spaced configurations - Supported on masonry wall
35
Steel trusses frequently used in _______, in which case they are known as _________ because __________.
Three-dimensional space frames Delta trusses They resemble greek letter Delta
36
``` Open web joist Depths up to ____ Spans up to ____ FREQUENTLY FOUND Depths _____ Spans _____ ```
6 ft, 144 ft. | Less than 2 ft, 40 ft
37
Open web joist made of:
2 angles. 2 bars. OR T-shaped member
38
Open Web Joists. | Diagonals members made from:
Flat bars welded to top/bottom OR | Continuous round bar bent back and forth *bar joist*
39
Gable roof rigid-frame structures must be ___________ to prevent deflections in the direction _______ to the plane of the frame sections.
Braced diagonally | Perpendicular
40
Gable roof rigid frame - diagonal bracing accomplished by:
Diagonal cross-members: in the plane of the roof AND | In the vertical plane of the walls
41
Steel rigid frames (with inclined Gabled roofs) usually are used for spans:
40-200 ft
42
Top of a rigid frame is the ____ and the points where inclined members intersect the vertical members are known as the _____.
Crown Knees *rigid with no rotation*
43
_________ used to support roofs on buildings where large unobstructed floors are needed, includes gymnasiums and convention halls.
Steel arches
44
Steel arches can be constructed to span distances _______.
In excess of 300 feet
45
Two types of steel arches:
Girder arches | Truss arches
46
_______ constructed as a solid arch that may be built up from angles and webs with a cross section similar to that of a beam.
Girder arch (SOLID)
47
____ is built using truss shapes. May have ______, which allows for slight movement between the two halves due to _____ or _____.
Truss arch Pin connections Settling or temperature change
48
Drawing steel through a die to produce wire greatly _________ the strength of steel. It is possible to produce wire for use in bridge cables with strengths as high as ________ psi.
Increase. | 300,000
49
Cables: such slender shapes are subject to _______ and therefore limited to the support of ________ forces.
Buckling | Tension
50
Suspension systems can provide large unobstructed areas similar to arches without ________________.
The reduction in vertical clearance at the sides of the building (Cantilever roof-suspension)
51
Possibility of buckling is _______ with steel columns than with columns made of other materials.
Greater | -because of small cross-section compared to length
52
Most common cross-sections of columns are: (3)
Hollow cylinder Rectangular tube Wide flange
53
Possibility of buckling in an individual column is a function of: (3)
It's length It's cross-section Method by which its supported at top and bottom
54
_______ is a number that compares the unbraced length of a column to the shape and area of its cross-section. The higher the numerical value, the ________ likely it is that buckling will occur.
Slenderness ratio. More *womens size increases, she is going to buckle*
55
Columns used for structural support should NOT have a slenderness ratio greater than _____.
120
56
Slenderness ratio can be modified by the manner:
In which the ends are attached to the rest of the structure
57
Very common floor design in steel frame bldgs uses a lightweight concrete with a minimum thickness of ______ supported by corrugated steel decking. Corrugated steel, in turn, is supported by ___________. Joists supported by _____ or ______.
2 in. Open-web steel joists. Steel beams or masonry wall
58
Where floor loads or spans dictate, _____ are used to support flooring instead of lighter open-web joists. _________ are also sometimes used.
Steel beams Light gauge steel joists
59
Steel joists produced with depths of _______ and can be spaced ______ apart.
6 to 12 in. 16 to 48 inches apart
60
P. 270 Steel structures | Two factors that affect possible failure:
Mass of the steel members Type of structural connection -Rigid-intact -Simple-fail
61
Steel connections, both in case of rigid, with beam and girder and heavy trusses, use ______, which _________ the connection, _______ the steel mass and _______ it's possibility of failure.
Gusset plates Strengthen Increases Decreases
62
In gabled rigid-frames structures, the ______ between the roof and wall will be the strongest/last part to fail.
Knee joints
63
Large beam and girder frame made of repeating sections, adjacent sections tend to be mutually supporting. Provides _____.
Degree of redundancy
64
Steel column encased in _______ of concrete with a siliceous aggregate would have a fire resistance of ______.
3 inches 4 hours *increases weight and cost*
65
Most commonly used insulating materials are ______, _____, and _______. Some of these insulating materials are applied by spraying and are known collectively as __________________.
Gypsum Spray-applied materials Intumescent coatings Spray-applied Fire Resistant Materials (SFRMs)
66
Gypsum can be used as an insulating material either in the form of ________ or _________.
Flat boards | Plaster
67
Two types of gypsum board:
``` Regular Type X (additives) ```
68
Gypsum consists of approx. _________ water.
21%
69
Gypsum can be used to protect both _____ and _______, providing fire resistance ratings from _________. Gypsum board is used in ___________ to attain higher fire resistance ratings.
Columns Beams 1-4 hours Multiple layers
70
Spray-applied Fire-Resistive Materials (SFRMs) are _____ and _______. The most commonly used SFRMs are _____ or ______ such as ____ and _____.
Efficient Inexpensive Mineral fiber or expanded aggregate coatings Vermiculite Perlite
71
SFRMs - Degree of fire resistance depends not only on: (2)
Material | But also thickness
72
SFRM. | Applied fireproofing can vary from ____ to _____ to produce a fire resistive rating of __________.
7/8-1 7/8 inches | 1-4 hours
73
SFRMs - relatively soft and easily dislodged, not suitable for exterior use
Low-density mineral fiber materials
74
SFRMs - densities greater than 20 lb/cu. ft., can endure conditions of limited weather exposure and higher humidities such as parking facilities
"More durable"
75
SFRMs - use magnesium oxychloride have densities ranging from 40-80 lb/cu. ft.
High-density
76
SFRMs cementitious - densities of _______
15-50 lb/cu. ft.
77
Intumescent coatings will __________ when exposed to the heat of a fire. An intumescent coating will _____________ when heated, and will expand ________ it's original volume.
Undergo a chemical reaction Char, foam AND expand 15 to 30 times
78
Intumescent coating applied thickness of ________, which is _____ than the thickness of spray applied materials. Because they have appearance of paint, ______ to visually establish fire-resistive coating has been applied.
.03 - .4 inches Less Difficult
79
Intumescent and mastic are relatively _______ but they are frequently the most ___________.
Expensive | Aesthetically pleasing
80
VERY COMMONLY used method of protecting steel floor or roof assembly is ____________.
Membrane ceiling
81
The most common method is to use ______ in a __________ suspended by ______.
Mineral tiles Steel framework Wires
82
FREQUENTLY used in systems that make use of __________. Use of membrane ceiling can provide a floor and ceiling assembly or a ceiling and roof assembly with a fire rating of ______.
Open web joists 1 to 3 hours
83
Ceiling materials are _______ rated independently. A ceiling is always rated as part of a ___________ assembly, so it is not accurate to speak of the fire resistance of a ceiling alone.
Never | Floor and ceiling
84
_______ is one of the two methods of providing fire-resistive construction, such as Type ___, ____ and _____. The other method is ________.
Protected steel IA, IB, IIA Reinforced concrete
85
Examples of permit reductions:
Eliminating fire-resistance of roof construction if ceiling is MORE THAN 20 ft above floor. Reduction of required fire resistance when an automatic sprinkler system

BC 3rd (9 decks)

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