Ch. 3 The Cellular Environment:Fluids&Electrolytes; Acids&Bases

Question 1

Which of the following statements is TRUE?
Two thirds of the body’s water is intracellular.
One fourth of the body’s fluid is extracellular.
The two main extracellular compartments are interstitial and intracellular. Incorrect
Standard total body water is 40% of body weight.

Answer 1

Two thirds of the body’s water is intracellular

Question 2

Which of the following statements is TRUE?
Potassium is the most abundant ECF ion.
Sodium maintains the osmotic balance of the ICF space.
Water moves freely across membranes.
Aquaporins block water movement across the membrane.

Answer 2

Water moves freely across membranes

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT one of the four most common causes of edema formation (increased filtration of fluid from capillaries and lymph into surrounding tissues)?
Decreased hydrostatic pressure
Decreased plasma oncotic pressure
Increased capillary membrane permeability
Lymphatic obstruction

Answer 3

Decreased hydrostatic pressure

Question 4

Which of the following statements regarding water balance is TRUE?
The kidneys and liver have a central role in maintaining sodium and water balance.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released from the adrenal gland.
Sodium is regulated by aldosterone released from the pituitary.
Thirst is experienced when water loss is equal to approximately 2% of body weight.

Answer 4

Thirst is experienced when water loss is equal to approximately 2% of body weight

Question 5

Which of the following statements regarding aldosterone is TRUE?
It is a hormone that is secreted when sodium levels are depressed.
It is a hormone that is secreted when potassium levels are depressed.
Its action is to decrease the retention of sodium.
Its action is to decrease the secretion of potassium.

Answer 5

It is a hormone that is secreted when sodium levels are depressed

Question 6

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding water balance?
Isotonic fluids cause increased cellular swelling.
Hypertonic fluid causes increased cellular swelling.
Hypotonic fluid causes cellular swelling.
Hypernatremia causes cellular swelling.

Answer 6

Hypotonic fluid causes cellular swelling

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a cause of hypernatremia (high sodium)?
Excessive free water intake
Inappropriate administration of hypertonic saline solution
Oversecretion of aldosterone
Cushing syndrome

Answer 7

Excessive free water intake

Question 8

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding hyperchloremia?
Occurs with a deficit of sodium
Occurs with an excess of bicarbonate
Has specific symptoms such as thirst
Treatment is to treat underlying disorder

Answer 8

Treatment is to treat underlying disorder

Question 9

Which of the following is TRUE regarding hyponatremia?
Inadequate sodium intake is a common cause of hyponatremia.
It can occur with a decrease in total body water (TBW).
It never occurs with burns, vomiting, or diarrhea.
It is considered when sodium drops below 135 mEq/L.

Answer 9

It is considered when sodium drops below 135 mEq/L.

Question 10

Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding potassium balance?
Potassium is the major extracellular electrolyte.
During acidosis, potassium shifts into the cell.
Aldosterone is secreted when potassium is decreased.
Insulin causes the movement of potassium into the cell.

Answer 10

Insulin cause the movement of potassium into the cell

Question 11

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding hypokalemia?
Hypokalemia occurs when the serum level is below 135 mEq/L.
One cause of hypokalemia is diabetic ketoacidosis.
Dietary causes of low potassium are common.
Diuretics do not cause hypokalemia.

Answer 11

One cause of hypokalemia is diabetic ketoacidosis

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a clinical manifestation of hypokalemia?
Carbohydrate metabolism is affected as a result of decreased insulin secretion.
Renal function is impaired.
Neuromuscular excitability is decreased.
Skeletal muscle is affected with increased contractility.

Answer 12

Skeletal muscle is affected with increased contractility

Question 13

Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding hyperkalemia?
Dietary excesses are common.
It often occurs in acidosis.
Increased renal secretion of potassium is a cause.
Addison disease is a cause.

Answer 13

It often occurs in acidosis

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT an appropriate treatment for hyperkalemia?
  Calcium gluconate
  Treating the contributing cause
  Administering glucagon
  Sodium bicarbonate

Answer 14

Administering glucagon

Question 15

Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding hypocalcemia?
It occurs with serum concentration below 8.5 mg/dl.
It occurs with increases of vitamin D.
It occurs with increases in parathyroid hormone.
Metabolic acidosis is a known cause.

Answer 15

It occurs with serum concentration below 8.5 mg/dl

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a cause of hypercalcemia?
  Hypoparathyroidism
  Bone metastases with cervical cancer
  Sarcoidosis
  Bone metastases with prostate cancer

Answer 16

Hypoparathyroidism

Question 17

Which of the following is TRUE regarding magnesium?
Hypomagnesemia occurs with a concentration less than 2.5 mEq/L.
It is a major extracellular cation.
Thirty percent is stored in the muscle and bone.
Symptoms of hypomagnesemia include weakness and depression.

Answer 17

Symptoms of hypomagnesemia include weakness and depression

Question 18

Which of the following has the lowest pH?
  Urine
  Gastric juices
  Arterial blood
  Pancreatic fluid

Answer 18

Gastric juices

Question 19

Which of the following best describes acidemia?
State in which the pH of arterial blood is greater than 7.45
State in which the pH of arterial blood is less than 7.35
Systemic decrease in hydrogen ion concentration
Systemic increase in hydrogen ion concentration

Answer 19

Sate in which the pH of arterial blood is less than 7.35