Gen Bio II (yr1sem2) > Ch 30-32 (exam 2) > Flashcards

Ch 30-32 (exam 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

characteristics of animals

A
  • multicellular
  • life cycles are patterns of development
  • heterotrophs
  • use internal processes to break down food
  • can move
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2
Q

morphological synapomorphies

A

many organisms have similar extracellular molecules and types of junctions between cells

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3
Q

body plan

A

the general structure, arrangement of organ systems, and integrated functioning of its parts

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4
Q

4 key features that can be similar in body plan

A
  1. symmetry
  2. structure of body cavity
  3. segmentation of the body
  4. external appendages that move the body
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5
Q

Spherical symmetry

A

– body parts radiate out from a central point (unicellular protists)

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6
Q

Radial symmetry

A

one main axis around which body parts are arranged (ctenphores and cnidarians)

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7
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

can be divided into mirror images by a single plane

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8
Q

Acoelomate

A
  • lack an inclosed, fluid filled body cavity
  • Space between gut and muscular body wall filled with cells called mesenchyme
  • Typically move by beating cilia (flatworms)
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9
Q

Pseudocoelomate

A
  • fluid filled space in which many of the internal organs are suspended
  • Pseudoceol is enclosed by muscles on its outside, no inner layer of mesoderm
  • surrounding organs (roundworms)
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10
Q

Coelomate

A

– have a body cavity that develops within the mesoderm

  • Lined with a layer of muscular tissue called peritoneum
  • Coelom is enclosed on both the inside and outside by mesoderm (earthworms)
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11
Q

Segmentation improves

A

control of movement

  • Facilitates specialization of different body regions
  • Allows animals to alter shape of body
  • Can control movements precisely
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12
Q

Appendages enhance

A

locomotion:
Obtain food, avoid predators, find mates,
find suitable habitats

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13
Q

animals that move are

A

motile

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14
Q

animals that don’t move are

A

sessile

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15
Q

types of feeding strategies

A
  • filter feeding to capture small orgs
  • herbivores
  • predators
  • parasites
  • detritivores
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16
Q

filter feeding

A
  • use a strainer
  • can rely on water current
  • sponges bring in water by beating flagella of choanocytes
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17
Q

Herbivores

A
  • usually eat one plant and don’t kill it

- expend energy digesting and have long guts

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18
Q

Predators

A
  • capture prey

- have sharp sensors or toxins

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19
Q

Parasites

A
  • live in or on something else

- have to overcome host defences

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20
Q

endoparasite

A

live in hosrt

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21
Q

ectoparasite

A

live outside hosrt

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22
Q

life cycle

A

embryonic development, birth, growth to maturity, reproduction, and death

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23
Q

Larva

A

an immature life cycle that has a form different from that of the adults

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24
Q

Metamorphosis

A

radical changes in life cycles (butterflies, beetles, flies)

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25
dispersal stage
animals moves so that it does not die where it was born
26
trade-off
No life cycle can maximize all benefits – the characteristics of an animal in one life cycle may improve its performance in one activity but reduce its performance in another
27
Parasite life cycles
- evolved to facilitate dispersal and overcome host defenses - Energy cost to obtain food may be low but cost of overcoming host defenses may be high - Must disperse to new hosts (if host dies, they die)
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Phyla Porifera
sponges - no symmetry - spicules - beat choanocytes to filter feed - asexual and sexual
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Phyla Cnidaria
- hydrozoans, jellyfishes, sea anemones, corals | - have a gastrovascular cavity that functions in digestion, circulation, gas exchange
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life cycle of cnidaria
polyp, sessile and reproduce by budding, medusa is the jellyfish. - planula will settle on the bottom and develop into a polyp (See a picture)
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medusa structure
- Floats with mouth and feeding tentacles turned downward - Produce egg and sperm and release them to the water - Fertilized egg develops into free-swimming larva called planula - planula settles and turns into a polyp
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class Scyphozoa
in cnidaria jellyfish, sea jellies - medusa dom - male or female medusa - polyp will grow, Budd off other polyps and release medusae
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class hydrozoa
in cnidaria hydras, hydroids - polyp dom and colonial - single large gives rise to a colony of polyps sharing one gastrovascular cavity - can have nematocysts to catch food, defend colony
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class anothozoa
sea anemones, coral anemones - sessile - have nematocysts covered in tentacles corals - sessile and colonial - polyps form a skeleton that deposit calcium carbonate - endosymbiotic
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gastrulation
During early development and hollow ball indents in embryo
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blastopore
The opening of the cavity
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Protostomes
mouth arises from blastopore - bilaterally symmetrical - anterior brain that surrounds the entrance to the digestive tract - ventral nervous system consisting of paired or fused nerve chords
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Deuterostomes
blastopore becomes anus
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protostome clades
Arthropods, Mollusks, Lophotrochozoans and the Ecdysozoans
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arthropod modification of body cavity
ost the enclosed body vessels and instead have a hemocoel “blood chamber” -
41
mollusks modification of body cavity
also have open circulatory system but retain connective tissue around major organs
42
Endoderm
will be a lot of inner lining, blood vessels, organs and systems:
43
mesoderm
bones, muscles etc.
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ectoderm
skin
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Lophotrochozoans (Protostomes)
- internal skeleton - use cilia to move - have a lophophore and are mostly sessile - many are like worms, bilaterally symmetrical and legless
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Ecdysozoans (Protostomes)
- have an exoskeleton that they molt made of chitin - some have think flexible skeleton called cuticle - had to evolve gases if hard shell but cuticle works
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lophopore (Protostomes)
ridge around the mouth that has ciliated hollow tentacles in lophotrochozoans
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lophotrocozoans flatworms (Protostomes)
flatworms, rotifers, ribbon worms - no gas exchange organ - have chemoreceptor eye spots - move by cillia - parasitic
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lophotrocozoans annelids (Protostomes)
- segmented - have a coelom - have a nerve centre called a ganglion - have a body that does gas exchange - restricted to moist
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lophotrocozoans mollusks (Protostomes)
- foot: used for locomotion and support - visceral mass: all the organs - mantle secretes the shell
51
mollusca clade (Protostomes)
chitons, bivalves, gastropods, cephalopods
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`chitons (Protostomes)
- multiple gills and shell plates - Bi symmetry - moves slow by foot
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bivalves (Protostomes)
`- clams, oysters etc - hinged - use foot to burrow - bring in water through incurrent siphon
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gastropods (Protostomes)
- snails, limpets etc - move by gliding on foot - live on land - mantle can be modified into lung
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cephalopods (Protostomes)
- squids, octopi etc, - excurrent siphon is modified to move - capture with tentacles - have eyes
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Ecdysozoans (Protostomes)
tardigrade
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why are arthropods successful (Protostomes)
- segmented - joint appendages - exoskeleton - waterproofing
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4 groups of arthropods (Protostomes)
Crustaceans – shrimpls, crabs, barnacles Hexapods – insects Myriapods – millipedes and centipedes Chelicerates – arachnids (spiders, scorpians, mites)
59
crustaceans (Protostomes)
- head, thorax, abdomen - head can be fused - each segment has a set of appendages - appendages are specialized for gas exchange, chewing, sensing etc.
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carapace (Protostomes)
(extension of exoskeleton) may extend back from head to cover head and thorax in crustaceans
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insects (Protostomes)
- three regions - have tracheae to breathe that open from spiracles - antenna
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– Johnston’s organ (Protostomes)
Insects can be distinguished from other hexapods by external mouthparts and paired antennae that contain a sensory organ
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deuterstomes categories
echinoderms, hemichordates, chordates
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chordate clades
Urochordates, Cephalocordates, Vertebrates
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all chordates have
A dorsal hollow nerve cord A tail that extends beyond the anus A dorsal supporting rod called the notochord
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notochord
- large cells with fluid-filled vacuoles - in urochodates, this is lost to adult - in vertebrates, it is a skeletal structure
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pharynx
develops aroundd slits | like lungs
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vertebrates
have a jointed, dorsal vertebral column that replaces the notochord - internal skeleton - large brain with an ab anterior skull - coelom - developed circulatory system
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new features in the chordates
jawless fish, jawed fish, teeth, fins and swim bladders
70
jawless fish
hagfish and lampreys
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jawed fish
evolved through the gills
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teeth
breaks up prey and helps get nutrients
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fins
help stabilize and move through water
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pectoral fins
behind gills
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pelvic fins
anterior to anal region
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swim bladders
- depth control
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Chondrichthyans
- sharks, rays - skeleton of cartelige - live on ocean floor
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Ray finned fishes:
- have calcified bone structures - covered with scales - gills covered by an operculum that help push water over them
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how did vertebrates move to land
lung sacs and joined fins helped to breathe and walk lungfishes have joined fins
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amphibians
- Caecilians, Anurans, Urodela - First Tetrapods on land! - must be moist - lay eggs in water
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amniotes
- live terrestrially
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amniote egg
- impermeable to water - protected but still gas exchange - stores food as yolk - extra-embryonic membranes protect embryo from drying out
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mammals
- sweat - mammary glands - haor - 4 chambered heart - in body fertilization
84
mammal groups
protherians and therians
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protherians
duck-billed platypus, echidnas - lack a placenta - have sprawling legs - supply milk for young
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therians
two groups are marsupials and eutherians
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marsupials
- females have ventral pouch - gestation is brief - cannot fly
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eutherians
- have a placenta - young are developed at birth - have teeth
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eutherian categories
prosimians/ wet-nosed primates anthropoids/ dry-nose primates
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prosimians/ wet-nosed primates
lemurs - only found in afraid, madagascar - live in trees
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anthropoids/ dry-nose primates
- old and new world monkeys
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new world monkeys
- long tailed live in trees
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old world monkey
live in trees, no tail
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what characterize the primates
- bipedal locomotion
95
homo erectus
- made fire | - 1.6 million years ago
96
homo sapiens
200,000 years ago - jaw size decrease - communicate
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