Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Gen Bio II (yr1sem2) > Ch 40 (Exm 2) > Flashcards

Ch 40 (Exm 2) Flashcards

(71 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

hormones

A

Chemical signals for the control and regulation of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

hormones are secreted by cells of the __

A

endocrine system into the extracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Endocrine gland

A

group of endocrine cells that form a secretory organ

Secrete hormone directly into the extra cellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Circulating hormones

A

diffuse into blood and are carried to target cells throughout the body (ex: testosterone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Paracrine hormones

A

released and affect only cells nearby
- Small amounts released, quickly taken up by local cells, or quickly degraded so they do not diffuse into circulations
Ex: histamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Autocrine hormones

A

affect the same cell which released the hormone

- Can provide negative feedback for production of the hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Growth in arthropods is episodic

A

punctuated with molts

Each stage between molts is called an instar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Sir Vincent Wigglesworth

A

and his
experiments with the blood-sucking
insect Rhodnius
A blood meal triggers each molting event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

hormones and evolution

A
  • signaling molecules themselves (hormones) are highly conserved but functions may differ
  • Plants have hormones
  • Sponges have chemical communication similar to hormone activation

hormones in insects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Sir Vincent Wigglesworth exp 2

A

decapitated two bugs at different times after blood meal
Connected bugs with glass tubing
Both molted!

Substance from bug decapitated 1 week earlier
must have diffused to other bug and
Stimulated molting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sir Vincent Wigglesworth conclusion

A 
Endocrine and Nervous system 
work together:
Nervous system receives various types 
of information to help determine optimal
time for growth and development

Nervous system then controls the
endocrine gland producing the hormone
that causes a physiological response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Lipid-soluble hormones

A

diffuse through cell membrane – receptors inside the cell

often act to alter gene expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Water-soluble hormones

A

cannot pass through membrane – receptors on the surface of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Receptors are

A

glycoproteins with three domains:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

three domains of glycoproteins

A

Binding domain, Transmembrane domain, Cytoplasmic domain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Binding domain

A

proteins outside the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Transmembrane domain

A

anchors the receptor in the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cytoplasmic domain

A
  • extends into the cytoplasm of the cell
  • Initiates the target cell response by activating protein kinases or protein
    phosphatases
  • These will then activate or inactivate enzymes in the cytoplasm
  • Initiate a signaling cascade
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Epinephrine

A

fight or flight response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Pituitary gland

A
  • sits at base of skull just over back of the roof of the mouth
  • Is attached by a stalk to the hypothalamus
  • Involved in the hormonal control of many physiological processes

hormones from hypothalamus are stored and released by pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

releases two peptide hormones – antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

These hormones are synthesized in neurons in the hypothalamus – neurohormones

Vesicles containing neurohormones travel down axons from hypothalamus into
post. pituitary where they are stored

Nerve impulses will trigger their release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Antidiuretic hormone

A

increases the amount of water conserved by the kidneys
When secretion is high – kidney secretes a little concentrated urine
When secretion is low – kidneys produce lots of dilute urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Oxytocin

A

produced during labor in women, stimulates contractions of the uterus
Brings about flow of milk
Suckling, sight, sounds of baby can stimulate production of oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

many peptide and protein hormones released

many are tropic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
tropic
control the activities of other endocrine glands
26
Growth hormone
acts on a wide variety of tissues to promote growth Stimulates cells to take up amino acids Stimulates liver to produce factors that stimulate the growth of bone and cartilage Overproduction – gigantism Underproduction – pituitary dwarfism
27
Prolactin
stimulates breast development and the production and secretion of milk Important hormone during pregnancy
28
Endorphins and enkephalins
body’s natural opiates | In the brain act as neurotransmitters in pathways that control pain
29
anterior pituitary is controlled by
hypothalamic neurohormones Hypothalamus receives information from the body through neuronal and hormonal signals through circulation Portal blood vessels connect the hypothalamus to anterior pituitary - Neurohormones travel in the portal blood vessels into anterior pituitary where they stimulate or inhibit the release of anterior pituitary hormones
30
tropic hormones of the anterior pituitary
Thyrotropin, Gonadotropic hormone, Corticotropin hormone
31
Thyrotropin
acts on thyroid Tropic hormones of the Anterior pituitary:
32
Gonadotropic hormone
acts on gonads for release of sex hormones Tropic hormones of the Anterior pituitary:
33
Corticotropin hormone
acts on adrenal glands Tropic hormones of the Anterior pituitary:
34
Negative feedback loops control hormone secretion:
Cells of the Anterior pituitary under direct and indirect negative feedback control by the hormones of the target glands they stimulate
35
Thyroid
wraps around front of the windpipe
36
Thyroxine
thyroid gland - require iodine - regulates cell metabolism - lipid soluble so it can bind to receptors - affects genes involved in enzymes active in energy, transport, structural proteins - elevates the metabolic rates - activated by thyrotropin from anterior pituitary
37
Hyperthyroidism
- excess of thryoxine - can cause goiter when negative feed fails t turn off follicle cells - thyroid grows bigger
38
Hypothyroidism
thyroxine deficiency - Goiter can result when not enough circulating Thyroxine to turn off Thyrotropin production in the anterior pituitary. make more follicle cells
39
Calcitonin
thyroid hormone - lowers Ca in blood - can deposit or absorb Ca in bone - can excrete or keep Ca by kidneys - absorption of Ca or not in Gi tract
40
When blood calcium is high
alcitonin is triggered and signals more deposition of calcium into bone by Osteoblasts – take up circulating calcium and deposit new bone
41
Parathyroid glands
- make parathyroid hormone on surface of thyroid gland | - - Fall in blood calcium triggers the release of PTH
42
fall in blood calcium
- release of PTH - stimulates bone turnover and remodeling - stimulates kidneys to reabsorb calcium rather than excrete it in urine - activates Vitamin D which causes digestive tract to absorb more calcium - acts on kidneys to increase elimination of phosphate in urine
43
pancreas
endocrine gland located just below the stomach | Contains clusters of cells call islets (islets of Langerhans)
44
three times of islet cells
alpha, beta, delta
45
beta cells
secrete insulin
46
alpha cells
glucagon
47
delta cells
produce the hormone somatostatin
48
insulin
Binds to a receptor on plasma membrane of target cell and allows glucose to enter the cell If glucose cannot enter the cell it accumulates in the blood Cells must then use fat and protein for fuel instead of glucose Critical tissues and organs can be damaged
49
Glucagon
- produced by alpha cells in islets - When blood glucose is low, stimulates liver to convert glycogen to glucose to - resupply the blood
50
Diabetes
destruction or failure of beta cells to produce or secrete insulin
51
type 1 diabetes:
- Autoimmune disease: body’s own cells destroy the insulin producing cells (beta cells) - Irreversible. No mechanism to replace the beta cells - Dependent on an outside source of insulin Starts as a child (earlier onset)
52
Type 2:
- can have genetic link - Often related to diet/lifestyle/ obesity - Develop an insulin insensitivity due to diet. - Can be reversible if caught in early stages. Change diet, exercise etc.
53
Adrenal gland
- sits above above each kidney
54
adrenal cortex
- cortex, produces steroid hormones, under the control of corticotropin from anterior pituitary
55
adrenal medulla
- core, called the adrenal medulla, makes epinephrine and norepinephrine
56
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
- amine hormones - Both bind to the same receptors on the surface of target cells - Stimulate different actions within the cells - Epinephrine binds both types of receptors - Norepinephrine binds only alpha receptors
57
types of receptors
alpha-adrenergic or beta-adrenergic receptors
58
what does adrenal cortex make
use cholesterol to make steroid hormones: glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), sex steroids
59
glucocorticoids
- influence blood glucose - EX. cortisol - mediates stress response, blocks immune reactions, controlled by corticotropin from anterior pituitary
60
mineralcorticoids
- influence the balance of ions in extracellular fluid - EX. aldosterone - Stimulates the kidneys to conserve sodium and to excrete potassium
61
Sex steroids
- produced by gonads
62
male steroids
collectively called Androgens – dominant one = testosterone
63
female steroids
Female steroids – estrogen and progesterone | Dominant estrogen = Estradiol made from testosterone
64
fetus into sex
after 7 weeks
65
gonadotropins and puberty
Production increases at the beginning of puberty | Production controlled by Leutinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
66
female pubery
increases in LH and FSH at puberty stimulated the ovaries to begin producing female hormones - This initiates development of breasts, broadened hips, pubic hair, menstrual cycle
67
male puberty
increases in LH stimulates cells in testes to synthesize testosterone Initiates deepening of voice, facial and body hair, growth of testes and penis
68
pineal gland
located between two sides of brain - makes amine hormone melatonin - release in the dark
69
photoperiodicity
Melatonin is involved in biological rhythms - seasonal changes in day length cause change in animals - signal reproductive cycle, sleep-wake cycle etc
70
Thymosin
produced by the thymus, is important for development of the T cells of the immune system
71
Gastrin
an important digestive enzyme made by cells in the stomach that can stimulate the release of digestive enzymes

Gen Bio II (yr1sem2) (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions