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Gen Bio II (yr1sem2) > Ch 39 (Exm 2) > Flashcards

Ch 39 (Exm 2) Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

homeostasis

A

the maintenance of stable conditions in the internal environment

  • to maintain homeostasis, physiological systems must be able to respond and react to changes in the environment
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2
Q

all actions are controlled by

A

nervous and endocrine systems

change things through stimulus from the external environment

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3
Q

reference point

A

set point, the normal thing

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4
Q

feedback information

A

comparing the state of the system with the reference point

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5
Q

error signal

A

any difference between set point and feedback information is off from homeostasis

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6
Q

responses to stimuli are going to come from

A

effectors: effect change in environment

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7
Q

to change things

A

must have a sensor

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8
Q

negative feedback

A
  • most common

- effectors will reduce or reverse the influence of the error signal

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9
Q

positive feedback

A
  • effector will amplify the response to the stimuli
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10
Q

feedforward information

A

will change the initial set point before the stimulus occurs, anticipated response I.e anxiety can cause heart rate increase etc. before the stimulus actually occurs

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11
Q

4 types of tissues

A

epithelium, connective, nervous, muscle

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12
Q

epithelium

A
  • covering of body

- includes squamous, columnar and cuboidal epithelial cells

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13
Q

function of epithelium

A

secretion of stuff, provide nervous system information, create boundary,

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14
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

means one cell layer only. Found in capillaries that surround the alveoli and in tissues. Usually for exchanging nutrients

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15
Q

stratified squamous epithelium

A

have multiple layers. Ex. Is skin that constantly replenish

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16
Q

columnar epithelium

A

look like columns. Sometimes have cilia and secrete mucus. They line your stomach and GI tracts and respiratory tracts. The cilia help absorb nutrients or move the mucus up or down.

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17
Q

Cuboidal epithelium

A

look like cubes. They line the tubes and ducts in the body

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18
Q

muscle tissue

A

elongated cells that contract to generate force and cause movement. use most energy of the body

three types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth

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19
Q

skeletal muscle

A

conscious, responsible for locomotion

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20
Q

cardiac muscle

A

make up the heart, involuntary

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21
Q

smooth muscle

A

responsible for movement and generation of force in organs, in the Gi tract and blood vessels

involuntary

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22
Q

connective tissues

A

2 types: collagen and elastin

  • dispersed populations of cells in extracellular matrix. matrix varies with type
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23
Q

collagen

A
  • dominant protein in the matrix, most abundant, fibres are strong and resistant to stretch, in between bones, give organs shape
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24
Q

elastin

A
  • another protein in the extracellular matrix
  • can be stretched
  • found in lungs and arteries
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25
cartilage
- collagen in a flexible matrix of protein-carbs - lines joints - resistant to compression and support
26
bone
extracellular matrix hardened by deposition of calcium phosphate
27
adipose tissue
loose tissue that contains adipose cells - cells store lipids, good energy source - cushions organs
28
blood
cells in blood plasma
29
nervous tissue
made up of neutrons and glial cells
30
neurons
nerve impulses: encode information as electrical signals axons: long extensions of neutrons that impulses travel over nerve impulses will release chemical signals that bind to receptors on target cells
31
glial cells
provide support and protection to neurons
32
Q10
a measure of temperature sensitivity of chemical reactions
33
calculations of Q10
Q10 = RT/ RT-10 if it is not temp sensitive, it is 1 if it is 2 or 3, it means that the reaction rate doubles or triples with temp increase by 10
34
RT
is homeostatic temp
35
temperature and Q10
temp changes can disrupt physiology | - very few proteins are temp independent
36
animals and temp change
animals can acclimatize to seasonal temp - enzymatic processes are slower in winter
37
ectotherms
animals whose body is determined by external sources of heat
38
endotherms
animals who can regulate body temp by producing heat metabolically or using mechanisms of heat loss
39
heterotherm
animal that behaves both ectoderm or endotherm | - hibernation
40
endotherm heat production
endotherm cells are less efficient at using energy - loose a lot of ATP in the form of heat - cells are more leaky to ions so must use energy to maintain concentration
41
major difference btw end and ectotherms
resting metabolic rates. much higher in endotherms -
42
end and ectotherms in changing temp
??
43
lizards ectotherm behaviour
changes in body temp due to behaviour to alter heat exchange with the environment - spend time in the burrow, basking in sun - no metabolic process used
44
see graphs of temp on the slides
please
45
4 avenues of body temp regulation
radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation
46
radiation
heat transfers from warmer objects to cooler ones via exchange of radiation
47
conduction
heat transfers directly when objects come in contact
48
convection
heat transfers to a surrounding medium like air that flows over a surface
49
evaporation
heat transfers away from a surface when water evaporates on its
50
energy budget
total balance of heat production and heat exchange
51
Rabs
entering heat- radiation absorbed
52
Rout
exiting heat, radiation transmitted, convection, conduction, evaporation
53
metabolism is
Metabolism + R abs = Rout + convection + conduction+ evaporation
54
blood flow and heat
both ectotherms and endotherms control blood flow to skin when body temp is cool, blood vessels constrict reducing blood flow to skin when body temp is increased, blood flow increases
55
metabolic rate
the rate at which an animal consumes O2 and produces CO2
56
how do endotherms respond to changes in environment
changing metabolic rate
57
thermoneutral zone
narrow range of temps where the metabolic rate is low and independent of temp in endotherms
58
basal metabolic rate
- metabolic rate of a resting animal at a temperature in the thermoneutral zone - Consuming just enough energy to carry out minimal body functions • BMRs are correlated with body size and environmental temperature: • BMRs per gram of tissue increases as animals get smaller
59
how to endotherms respond to cold
shiver: use contractions of skeletal muscle to consume amp and make heat brown fat: occurs in specialized adipose tissue, has a lot of mitochondria and rich blood supply
60
thermogenin
protein that allows movement of protons across mitochondrial membranes rather than having to generate ATP, heat is still released (way endotherms keep warm)
61
evaporation of water to dissipate heat
takes of a lot of heat
62
how do vertebrates use feedback info
thermostat- hypothalamus very small -Cooling the hypothalamus causes constriction of blood vessels and increase in metabolic processes - Warming of hypothalamus results in dilation of blood vessels, sweating, panting skin registers temp change --> feedforward information that shifts the hypothalamic set point
63
when are set points higher
Set points are higher during wake than during sleep Higher during active part of the day than inactive - Set point for metabolic heat production is higher when skin is cold, lower when skin is warm
64
how is cold sometimes feedforward
If you go into cold directly, you won’t feel it immediately. Body can change the set point so you don’t feel as cold and get a little warmer. Does this so you don’t have an effector response all the time.
65
Fever
body’s set point will change to pyrogens | Pyrogens are chemicals that travel to the hypothalamus to increase the set point
66
Exogenous (fever)
produced by cells of the immune system in response to infection come from outside, a foreign entity is telling body to heat up This means body recognizes the foreign entity and doesn’t like it
67
Endogenous pyrogens
produced by cells of the immune system in response to infection come from inside
68
fever and pyrogens
Presence of a pyrogen causes a rise in the hypothalamic set point You shiver, cover up until you no longer feel cold…others feel your fever
69
Hypothermia
a state of below normal body temperature Some animals use “regulated hypothermia” to survive periods of cold and food scarcity
70
Daily torpor
dropping body temp during inactive part of night or day
71
Hibernation
regulated hypothermia that lasts days or weeks. Drop to very low body temperature, maximizes energy conservation

Gen Bio II (yr1sem2) (18 decks)

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