Exam 2 Gen Bio Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
lithosphere
A
outer crust
- plates move by magma and exert pressure AKA continental drift
2
Q
what changes earth’s climate
A
volcanoes, meteors
3
Q
order of eras
A
precambrian, paleozoic (Cambrian), Mesozoic, cenozoic (PPMC)
4
Q
precambrian era
A
small aquatic life
5
Q
paleozoic
A
Gondwana, similar O2 levels, Cambrian explosion in Cambrian era (start of paleozoic era)
6
Q
450 MYA:
A
75% extinction
paleozoic
7
Q
400 MYA
A
paleozoic
first vascular plants, arthropods, jawed fish
8
Q
370 MYA
A
paleozoic
75% marine extinction
9
Q
330 MYA
A
carboniferous period made lots of coal swamps
paleozoic
10
Q
250 MYA
A
96% species dead
paleo to meso
11
Q
220 MYA
A
first mammals
meso
12
Q
200 MYA
A
65% species dead
meso
13
Q
80 MYA
A
loss of Dinos
meso
14
Q
cenozoic era
A
lots of plants, animal radiation
- tertiary period went from hot to cold, and mammals moved
- quaternary period had 4 major, 20 minor ice ages and hominid evolution (US)
15
Q
3 major fauna
A
Cambrian, paleozoic, modern fauna
16
Q
radial vs spherical
A
radial is starfish, spherical is sea urchin
17
Q
acoelomate
A
no cavity but SPACE is filled with mesenchyme
18
Q
pseudocoelomate
A
no inner mesoderm but still space
19
Q
coelomate
A
has mesoderm and body cavity, muscle tissue called peritoneum
20
Q
larva
A
immature life cycle that Is different from adult. metamorphosis to adult
21
Q
dispersal stage
A
stage in life where animal moves so it doesn’t die where it was born
22
Q
porifera
A
sponges, no organs, symmetry
- have spicules (hard skeletal elements) and choanocytes
23
Q
cnidaria
A
class Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa and anthozoa - diploblastic, have a gastrovascular cavity and are 2 staged
24
Q
endoderm
A
blood vessels, organs
25
mesoderm
bones, muscles
26
ectoderm
skin
27
gastrulation
hollow dents in embryo
28
blastopore
opening in embryo
29
protostomes
lophotrocozoans, ecdysozoans
30
lophotrocozoans
internal skeleton, use cilia, lophophore, bilteral symmetry (flatworms, annelids, mollusks)
31
lophopore
ridge around mouth that is ciliated
32
flatworms
parasitic, use cilia, move away from light
33
annelids
seta, nephridia, segmented, have ganglia nerve center, coelomates
34
mollusks
have a foot more movement and support, visceral mass for organs, mantle secretes shell
chitons, bivalves, gastropods, cephalopods
35
chitons
multiple gills and shell plates
| use foot to move
36
bivalves
clams, use foot to burrow and feed through incurrent siphon, move water and gametes through excurrent siphon
37
gastropods
move by foot (snails)
38
cephalopods
(squid, octopi) use excurrent siphon to move
- have good eyes
- open circulatory system
39
ecdysozoans
arthropods
40
arthropods
open circulatory system
joined appendages, exoskeleton, waterproof
crustaceans and insects
41
crustaceans
- head, thorax, abdomen
- specialized parts
- carapace: exoskeleton that covers head and thorax
42
hexapoda
have trachea to breathe with openings called spiracles
- antenna with 3 pairs of leg
- JOHNSTON"s organ
43
deuterostomes
all triploblastic, coelomates with internal skeletons
echinoderms, hemichordates, chordates
44
chordates
urochordates, cephalochordates, vertebrates
| - have a dorsal hollow nerve chord, a post-anal tail, notochord and pharyngeal gills
45
notochord
support rod to dorsal side
- rigid but flexible
- urochordates loose it, vertebrates have skeleton
46
pharynx
develops around pharyngeal slits
47
vertebrates
have a joined vertebra, anterior skull, large brain, coelom, 4 chambered heart
jawless fish and jawed fish
amphibians, reptiles, mammals
48
jawed fish
gills changed to skeletal arches
| - teeth
49
fins in chordates
pectoral fin, swim bladders
condrichthyans and ray-finned fish
50
condrichthyans
shark bois, cartilage skeleton
51
ray-finned fish
calcified bone skeleton, operculum, scaled
52
vertebrates on land
evolved lung sacs, joined fins
IE amphibians
53
amniotes
reptiles and mammals
| - evolved traits to live on land
54
amniote egg
waterproof, walk is food, extra embryonic membrane
55
mammals
have sweat and mammary glands, hair, heart and egg in mother
prototherians, therians
56
prototherians
- echidna
| - lay eggs, milk just oozes
57
therians
marsupials, eutherians, prosimians, anthropoids
58
marsupials
pouch to carry young
59
eutherians
placental animals, developed at birth
prosimians, anthropoids
60
prosimians
wet nosed primates, African. live in trees, nocturnal
61
antropoids
dry noted primates
new world monkeys: long tails, trees
old world monkeys: short tail
62
humans
homo erectus had small brains, homo sapiens is us
63
nervous system
fast response
64
endocrine system
slow response
65
reference point
set point
66
feedback info
compares state of system w/ reference point
67
effectors
response to stimuli and effect change
68
regulatory system
control the effectors. must have a sensor to sense change
69
feedforward information
changes the set point BEFORE stimulus
70
epilthelium
tissue that is barrier of body
| secretes things, give info to nervous system
71
squamous epithelium
look flat, can stack
- simple is one cell (alveoli)
- stratified is multiple layers (skin)
72
columnar epithelium
look like columns
| - have cilia and secrete mucus, line GI tract
73
cuboidal epithelium
look like cubes
| - line tubes and ducts in body
74
muscle tissue
cells that can contract
skeletal moves bones
cardiac is heart (unconscious)
smooth is generation of force in organs (unconscious)
75
connective tissue
dispersed cells in an extracellular matrix
collagen, elastin, cartilage, bone, adipose tissue and blood
76
collagen
resistant to stretch structure for organs. dominant protein
77
elastin
stretchy, wall of lungs and arteries
78
cartilege
collagen fibres in a protein carbohydrate matrix
79
bone
hardened by calcium phosphate
80
adipose tissue
loose connective tissue W/ adipose cells store lipids, energy cushion organs
81
blood
cells in blood plasma, contain lots of protein
82
nervous tissue
neurons, glial cells
83
neurons
have nerve impulses (electrical signals) that travel on axons
84
glial cells
provide support and protection to neurons
85
Q10
measure of sensitivity of chem reactions
Q10 = RT/ RT-10
if 1, temp independent. if 2 or 3, reactions doubles or triples with 10 increase
86
fish in cold temp
will acclimatize. have different enzymes that work at different temps
87
ectotherms
body heat is determined by external heat
| - move to sun or move to shade. regulate using BEHAVIOR
88
endotherms
regulate by making heat metabolically
| - cells are inefficient and make heat. leaky to ions
89
heterotherms
sometimes is an endo or ecto
90
4 ways to change body temp
radiation (infrared radiation transfer from hot to cold), conduction (heat transfer by contact), convection (heat transfer to air or water as it flows), evaporation
91
metabolism formula
Metabolism + Rabs = R out + convection + conduction + evaporation
92
body temp and vessels?
low body temp, vessels constrict reducing blood flow
93
diference between end and actotherm
metabolic rate is higher in endotherms than exo, increase temp means increase metabolic rate for ECTO but for end, we need a stable rate
94
metabolic rate
rate at which an animal consumes O2, makes CO2
| - endotherms can change this
95
thermoneutral zone
narrow range of temp where metabolic rate of endotherms is low and independent of temp
96
basal metabolic rate
metabolic rate of an animal at a temp in the thermoneutral zone
- consume just enough energy to carry out minimal functions
- BMR per gram tissue increases, as size decreases
97
shivering
done in cold temps, contractions of skeletal muscle use ATP and make heat
98
nonshivering in cold temp
occurs in adipose tissue where lots of mitochondria is. contains thermogenin.
99
thermogenin
protein that allows movement of protons across mitochondria and release heat (IN adipose tissue)
100
thermostat in vertebrates
hypothalmus
| - when skin senses temp, it is feedforward info that shifts the set point
101
when is set point higher
skin is cold, higher during wake and active part of day
102
fever caused by
pyrogens: exogenous and endogenous
103
exogenous pyrogen
foreign entity tells body to heat
104
endogenous pyrogen
made by cells of the immune system against infection
105
when you get a fever
increase set point, you shiver, fever breaks and you get sweaty, then set point increases again
106
daily torpor
dropping of body temp during inactive part of night or day
107
circulating hormones
Diffuse into blood and carried to other cells
108
paracrine hormones
quickly degrade, only effect cells nearby
109
autocrine hormone
affect the cell which released it. can provide feedback for the hormone
110
instar
stage between moles of anthropods
111
St. Vincent wigglesworth
1. decapitated bug at 1 hour and 1 week and found 1 week melted (must have signal that goes from heat to body)
2. joined the week and hour body together and both melted so something transfers
112
lipid soluble hormones
can diffuse through cell membrane
113
water soluble hormones
are just receptors on surface of cell
114
types of receptors (3)
glycoproteins
1. binding domain. outside membrane
2. transmembrane domain. receptor in membrane
3. cytoplasmic domain. extends into cytoplasm
115
pituitary gland
hormones made by hypothalamus are stored and released by this.
has posterior and anterior
116
posterior pituitary gland
neurohormones ADH and Oxytocin
117
ADH
controls H20 waste in body
- high secretion of H20 means kidney secretes little concentrated urine. low secretion means kidney secretes dilute urine
118
oxytocin
induces labor, brings flow of milk POSITIVE FEEDBACK
119
anterior pituitary
growth hormone, prolactin, endorphins and enkephalins
tropic hormones:
- thyrotropin, gonadotropic hormone, corticotropin
120
growth hormone
targets all cells to increase building blocks
121
prolactin
breast development, milk making
122
endorphine and enkephalins
NEUROTRANSMITTERS, natural opiates,
123
tropic hormones
target another endocrine gland
ALL negative feedback
124
thyrotropin
acts on thyroid
125
gonadotropic hormone
targets gonads
126
corticotropin hormone
targets adrenal gland
127
major mammalian glands
thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal, pineal
128
thyroid
thyroxine and calcitonin
129
THYROXINE
requires I2, lipid soluble, follicle cells are activated by thyrotropin
130
hyperthyroidism
goiter is from excess thyroxine
131
hypothyroidism
goiter is not enough thyroxine to turn off thyrotropin
132
calcitonin
lowers calcium levels in blood
1. deposition into bone
2. excretion by kidneys
3. absorption of calcium from Gi tract
133
when Ca is high
calcitonin is triggered and signals more deposition of bone by OSTEOBLASTS
134
parathyroid glands
4 glands on surface of thyroid
| - regulate blood calcium , kidneys reabsorb calcium, use vitamin D to absorb more
135
pancreas
has islets that have alpha, and beta cells
136
alpha cells
make glucagon. blood sugar down, gets liver to convert glycogen to glucose
137
beta cells
make insulin. binds to a receptor that allows glucose to enter, if not, glucose stays in blood
138
diabetes
type 1: autoimmune, irreversible
| type 2: genetic, insulin insensitivity
139
adrenal gland
medulla and cortex
140
adrenal medulla
make epinephrine and norepinephrine
| - amine hormones. norepinephrine binds only to alpha receptors
141
adrenal cortex
makes glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, sex steroids
142
glucocorticoids
cortisol mediates response to stress. controlled by corticotropin from anterior pituitary gland
143
mineralcorticoids
aldosterone gets kidney to conserve sodium , excrete potassium
144
sex steroids
male has testosterone (androgen) and female has estrogen (specifically estradiol) and progesterone
GONADOTROPIC HORMONE
145
during puberty
leutinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone help puberty occur GONADOTROPIC HORMONE
146
pineal gland
between halves on brain
| - amine hormone melatonin
147
photoperiodicity
- seasonal changes in day cause change in animals
148
thymosin:
produced by thymus, develop T-cells for immunity
149
gastrin
digestive enzyme that releases more digestive enzyme
