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Anatomy > Ch 4 > Flashcards

Ch 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Integumentary System

A

Cutaneous membrane: epidermis and dermis

Accessory structures: hair, nails, glands

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2
Q

Functions of integumentary system

A

protects: mechanical, chemical, bacterial, and thermal damage, UV radiation, and desication, aids in heat regulation, excretion of urea and uric acid, synthesis of vitamin D

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3
Q

Epidermis characteristics

A

stratified squamous epithelium
lacks blood vessels but can divide
as new ones grow, push old to surface

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4
Q

Epidermal cell types

A

keratinocytes, melanocytes, lagerhan cells, merkel cells

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5
Q

Keratinocytes

A

produce keratin, provide protection

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6
Q

Melanocytes

A

produces melanin

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7
Q

Lagerhan cells

A

from bone marrow, part of immune response

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8
Q

Merkel cells

A

in deepest layer, form touch receptors with sensory neurons

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9
Q

Keratinization and Epidermal Growth

A

stem cells divide to produce keratinocytes at the basal lamina
as keratinocytes are pushed up towards the surface they fill with keratin and oils and slowly die
4 week journey

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10
Q

Layers of epidermis

A

stratum germinativum, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum corneum

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11
Q

Stratum germinativum

A

deepest single layer of cells
combination of merkel cells, melanocytes, keratinocytes, and stem cells that divide repeatedly
attached to each other and to basal lamina

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12
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

8 to 10 cell layers held together by desmosomes

melanin taken in by phagocytes from nearby melanocytes

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13
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

3-5 layers of flat dying cells
show nuclear degeneration
contain dark staining keratohylin granules

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14
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

seen in thick skin on palms and soles of feet only

three to five layers of clear, flat, dead cells

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15
Q

Stratum corneum

A

25 to 30 layers of flat dead sells filled with keratin and surrounded by lipids
continuously shed
barrier to light, heat, water, chemicals, and basteria
friction stimulates callus formation

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16
Q

Thick skin

A

palmer and platar surface
about 30 layers of s. corneum
all 5 layers

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17
Q

Thin skin

A

rest of body surface
fewer layers of s. corneum
no s. lucidum

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18
Q

Epidermal ridges (finger tips)

A

stratum germinativum forms ridges that extend into the dermis
increases area of contact for better grip

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19
Q

Melanin

A

melanin produced in epidermis by melanocytes
similar number of melanocytes in everyone
different amounts of pigment produced

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20
Q

UV light

A

increases melanin production, which it absorbs

too much UV can damage chromosomes

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21
Q

Types of melanin

A

melanocytes convert tyrosine to melanin
brown or black is called eumelanin
red brown is called pheomelanin

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22
Q

Carotene in dermis

A

yellow orange pigment

found in stratum corneum and subcutaneous

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23
Q

Hemoglobin

A

red oxygen carrying pigment in blood cells

if other pigments are not present, epidermis is transulcent so pinkness will be evident

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24
Q

Dermis

A

Papillary layer and reticular layer

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25
Papillary layer
areaolar CT capillaries and neurons dermal papillae
26
Reticular layer
anchoring layer large vessels, nerves, adipocytes, arrector pili muscle dense irregular CT- collagen and elastic
27
Blood supply to skin
cutaneous plexus and papillary plexus
28
Cutaneous plexus
network of arteries and veins supplying skin | in subcutaneous layer
29
Papillary plexus
follows epidermal/dermal boundary | helps nourish epidermal layer
30
lines of cleavage
dermal collagen and elastic fibers are arranged in semi parallel bundles that differ throughout the skin resist tension best in those directions gaps filled with scar tissue and become stretch marks
31
Hypodermis
also called superfiscial fascia/ subcutaneous layer consists of areolar CT and adipose CT collagen and elastic fibers major blood vessels and nerves
32
Hair
on all surfaces except palmer and plantar, parts of digits, lips, eyelids number fixed at birth 3 types: vellus, terminal, intermediate composed of dead, keratinized epidermal cells
33
Vellus hair
peach fuzz
34
Terminal hair
thicker with darker pigment
35
Intermediate hair
arms
36
Each hair consists of:
1. shaft which projects above surface of skin 2. root which peetrates into the dermis 3. base of follicle, bulb 4. cuticle 5. cortex 6. medulla
37
Functions of hair
protection, reduction of heat loss, sensing light touch
38
Root hair plexus
sensory nerves surrounding follicle | detect hair movement
39
Arrector Pili
smooth muscle, moves hair | goose bumps- remnant of ancestors
40
Hair growth
anagen stage, catagen stage, telogen stage
41
Anagen stage
may last up to 6 years depending on the body part | matrix cells at base of hair root producing length
42
Catagen stage
lasts up to 2 weeks | matrix cells inactive and follicle atrophies
43
Telogen stage
hair follicle | hair is eventually pushed out by new hair as cycle renews
44
Hair color
result of melanin produced in melanocytes
45
Brown/black hair
large amounts of eumelanin
46
Blonde hair
little eumelanin
47
Red hair
high relative pheomelanin
48
Grey hair
decline in all melanin production
49
Glands of the skin
specialized exocrine glands found in dermis
50
Sebaceous glands
``` secrete sebum (oil) by holocrine secretion sebum decreases evaporation and decreases bacterial growth 2 types: with hair and without ```
51
Sudoriferous glands
sweat glands, coiled tubular gland, under neural control | 2 types: apocrine and merocrine sweat glands
52
Merocrine sweat glands
``` use merocrine system of exocrine secretion on most body surfaces(palm) not associated with follicle sensible perspiration function is to cool, excrete and protect ```
53
Apocrine sweat glands
use merocrine system associated with hair follicle in armpit , nipple, and groin produces viscous secretion starting at puberty reduces friction, cools, and secretes pheromones
54
Modified apocrine glands
mammary, ceruminous
55
Mammary
(lactiferous) for milk production- modified sweat
56
Ceruminous
in external ear | secretion mixes with sebum to create ear wax
57
Nail body
keratinized plate-like structures
58
Nail bed
surface of skin that covers nail body
59
Nail root
source of nail production
60
Lunula
whitish half-moon region at base of nail plate due to obscured blood vessels
61
Burns
tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation or chemicals can cause: dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and circulatory shock
62
First Degree burns
skin red and swollen, only epidermis damaged, sun burn peels off
63
Second Degree burns
skin red with blisters, epidermis and upper dermis damaged
64
Third Degree burns
grey-white or black, destroys entire layer, hypodermis is cooked
65
Effects of aging
less hair, reduced blood supply, dermis tends to thin, drying of epidermis (less oil), fewer melanocytes (paler)

Anatomy (6 decks)

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