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Anatomy > Ch 5 > Flashcards

Ch 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

2 divisions of skeleton

A

Axial and appendicular

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2
Q

2 types of bone tissue

A

Compact and spongy

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3
Q

Components of the skeleton

A

Cartilage, bone, tendons, ligaments

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4
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A

Protection, support, movement, storage, and blood cell production

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5
Q

Cartilage consists of:

A 
Cells:
Chondrocytes
Extracellular matrix:
Collagen/elastic fibers 
Ground substance of chondrites sulfates
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6
Q

Cartilage

A

No arteries, veins, or lymphocytes

Types are hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage

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7
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Most common but weakest
Chondrocytes, chondrotin sulfate, some collagen
Found in embryonic skeleton, articulate surface surfaces, respiratory passageways, nasal septum, between ribs and sternum

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8
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Made of chondrocytes, chondrotin sulfate, densely packed elastic fibers
Found in auricle, tip and lateral walls of nose, epiglottis

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9
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Made of chondrocytes, chondrotin sulfate, densely packed collagen fibers
Found in intervertebral disc, public symphysis, articulate cartilage in knee

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10
Q

Perichondrium

A

Fibrous connective tissue
Surrounds cartilage
Provides support and protection, and new chondrocytes
Found in hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage

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11
Q

Layers of perichondrium

A

Outer:binds cartilage to adjacent tissue and provides support and protection
Inner: for growth and maintenance

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12
Q

Appositional Growth

A

starts in perichondrium, stem cells at periphery form in inner layer, then they move toward matrix to become chondrogenic cells, chondrogenic cells aggregate and become chondroblasts which secrete matrix, they then become enclosed in matrix and become chondrocytes

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13
Q

Interstitial Growth

A

chondrocytes are enclosed in matrix and divide, as they move apart, matrix forms in b/w them, growth of cartilage from w/in

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14
Q

Osseous Tissue

A

Supportive CT
contains specialized cells
solid extracellular matrix

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15
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

osteoid, ground substance and water

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16
Q

Osteoid

A

organic portion, protein fibers

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17
Q

Ground substance

A

Ca salts

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18
Q

Bone cells

A

osteoprogenitor, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

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19
Q

Osteoprogentior

A

mesenchymal cells
predecessor to osteoblasts
play role in initial bone growth and fracture repair

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20
Q

Osteoblasts

A 
derived from osteogenic cells
secrete osteoid
common in growing bone
predecessor to osteocytes
increased osteoblast activity=stronger bone
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21
Q

Osteocytes

A

mature cells
exist within matrix
maintain Ca and PO4 homeostasis
found in spaces called lacunae

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22
Q

Osteoclasts

A

involved in osteolysis (breakdown of bone)
increase osteoclast activity=weaker bone
very large
formed from the fusion of many white blood stem cells and consume bone cells

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23
Q

Bone matrix

A

inorganic materials, osteiod

resulting composite is both strong and flexible

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24
Q

Types of bone tissue

A

compact and spongy

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25
Compact bone
arranged in osteons | has osteocytes- communicate through canaliculi that radiate outward an connect one cell to the next
26
Osteons
a unit of compact bone contains blood vessels and nerves concentric lamellae of matrix surrounding a central canal
27
Lamellae
concentric, interstitial, and circumfrential
28
Concentric lamellae
layers of bone surrounding the central canal | make up osteons
29
Interstitial lamellae
found b/w osteons | represents older osteons partially removed during tissue remodeling
30
Circumferential lamellae
surround the compact bone | directly produced from periosteum
31
Spongy bone
contains: trabeculae, osteocytes, canaliculi, and matrix no osteons or central canal
32
Trabeculae
latticework of thin plates of bone oriented along lines of stress spaces are filled with red marrow where blood cells develop found in ends of long bones and inside flat bones
33
Periosteum
encloses bone absent at the site of attachment of muscles, tendons, and ligaments outer fibrous and inner layers
34
Endosteum
1 cell layer covers surfaces of spongy bone and medullary cavity cell types: osteogenic, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts
35
Anatomy of a long bone
Diaphysis, Epiphysis, Metaphysis, articular cartilage, and medullary cavity
36
Diaphysis
shaft
37
Epiphysis
one end of a long bone
38
Metaphysis
growth plate region
39
Articular cartilage
over joint surfaces, acts as friction and shock absorber
40
Medullary cavity
marrow cavity
41
Yellow marrow
areolar and adipose ct in medullary cavity of long bones energy storage absent in infants
42
Red marrow
areolar and myeloid tissue produces all types of blood cells found in medullary cavities of infants and spongy bone in adults
43
Periosteal arteries
supple periosteum
44
Nutrient arteries
enter through nutrient foramen | supplies compact bone of diaphysis and yellow marrow
45
Metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries
supply red marrow and bone tissue of epiphyses and metaphysis
46
Ossification (Bone growth)
replacing CT with bone (all our bones are due to this)
47
Intramembranous (simple)
mesenchymal cells to spongy bone
48
Endochondral (simple)
hyaline cartilage to spongy bone
49
Intramembranous Ossification
begins at week 8, finished by week 15 | forms: cranial flat , facial, dentary, clavicle, and sesmoid bones
50
Intramembranous ossification process
mesenchymal cells arrange around BV's bone morphogenic proteins released mesench. cells different. into osteoblasts which secrete osteoid and then they become isolated and turn into osteocytes produce spicules of bone that interconnect mesech. cells at surface form inner layer of periosteum calcified matrix is degraded by osteoclasts to form spongy bone end up with spongy bone covered in thin layer of compact
51
Endochondral Ossification
Bone replaces a cartilage model begins at week 7 and continues to adulthoood forms: long bones, most short bones, noncranial irregular and flat bones, and middle ear ossicles
52
Endochondral Ossification process
Hyaline cartilage forms model of future bone cartilage enlarges, chondrocytes near center die BVs grow around and penetrate cartilage cells differentiate into osteoblasts compact bone forms around diaphysis spongy bone forms in center of model remodeling of shaft and formation of medullary cavity length increases and BVs penetrate the end of model some cartilage remains (articular cart. and epiphyseal plate)
53
Bone Growth: Elongation
occurs at epiphyseal plate growth in length continues until 2 ossification centers meet relative thickness of epiphyseal plate does not change until growth almost complete
54
Bone Growth: Appositional
compact bone deposited beneath periosteum bone thickens bone remodeling occurs throughout life
55
Bone remodeling
ongoing, since osteoclasts carve out small tunnels and osteoblasts rebuild osteons continual redistribution of bone matrix along lines of mechanical stress
56
Fractures: break in a bone
simple: does not penetrate skin and compound: penetrates through skin
57
Bone repair
fractures treated by reduction and immobilization | repair: fracture hematoma, fibrocartilage callus, bony callus, and remodel tissue
58
Fracture hematoma formation
a fracture hematoma forms within hours of the injury mass of blood swelling and inflammation occur in response to dead bone cells phagocytes and osteocytes eliminate dead cells/broken matrix
59
Fibrocartilage callus formation
consists of a mass bridging the broken end of the bone fibroblasts in periosteum produce collagen periosteum cells differentiate into chondrocytes results in fibrocartilage (3 weeks)
60
Bony callus formation
occurs as the fibrocartilage callus is converted to spongy bone trabeculae lasts 3-4 months
61
Factors affecting growth, repair, and development
nutrition, sunlight, hormones, and physical stress | osteoporosis
62
Osteoporosis
abnormal reduction of bone mass because of loss of estrogen, deficiency of minerals in youth, and imbalance in activity b/w osteoblasts and osteoclasts
63
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva
fibrous tissue becomes ossified genetic disorder injury results in inappropriate bone formation no treatment

Anatomy (6 decks)

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