Ch. 4-8

Question 1

Sensation

Answer 1

process by which senses pick up stimuli in the enviroment and transmit them to the brain

Question 2

Perception

Answer 2

process by which sensory information is organized and interpreted in the brain to give it meaning

Question 3

Kinesthetic

Answer 3

sense of body position, orientation and movement

Question 4

Vestibular

Answer 4

Sense of balance and movement (inner ear)

Question 5

Sensory receptors

Answer 5

specialized cells in the sense organs that detect and respond to one type of sensory stimuli

Question 6

What are some of the sensory stimuli that sensory receptors respond too

Answer 6

light, sound, waves, odors and convert neural impluses

Question 7

Transduction

Answer 7

process of the sensory receptors convert the sensory stimulation into neural impuleses

Question 8

Cornea

Answer 8

tough, transparent protective layer covering the front surface of the eyeball. directs lights rays through the pupil

Question 9

Retina

Answer 9

layer of tissue located on the inner surface of the eyeball contains sensory receptors for vision

Question 10

Rods

Answer 10

light sensitive, detect light and dark, insensitive to red and take 20-30 mins to adjust to darkness

Question 11

Cones

Answer 11

Located in the fovea, less light sensitive, detect colors and detail vision

Question 12

Fovea

Answer 12

small area at center of retina provides clearest and sharpest area of vision. contains no rods but 30,000 cones

Question 13

Blind Spot

Answer 13

each retina area where there are no rods or cones because of the retinal neuron cells are extending through the retinal wall

Question 14

Optic Nerve

Answer 14

The nerve that carries visual information from the retina to the brain

Question 15

Optic Chiasm

Answer 15

the point where two optic nerves come together and some of the nerve fibers cross the opposite side of the brain

Question 16

Bottom Up processing

Answer 16

bits of data are combined until a complete perception is formed

Question 17

Top Down processing

Answer 17

Application of previous experience and knowledge to recognize the whole perception

Question 18

Circadian Rhythms

Answer 18

Changes in energy level, mood and efficiency through the day 24 hour rhythm

Question 19

What Part of the brain control the Circadian Rhythm

Answer 19

Controlled by the Hypothalamus

Question 20

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

Answer 20

Tiny structure in the brain hypothalamus that controls timing of circadian rhythms the biological clock

Question 21

What are the five stages of Sleep

Answer 21

Stage 1,2,3,4, REM sleep

Question 22

REM sleep

Answer 22

Rapid Eye Movement, paralysis of large muscles increased brain activity, and vivd dreams

Question 23

Stage 1

Answer 23

Very light, Alpha waves are replaced with theta waves

Question 24

Stage 2

Answer 24

Sleep deeper, clustered spindle areas in EEG

Question 25

Stage 3

Answer 25

Spindles disappear, delta waves appear (minor lifts and large lifts like a mountain)

Question 26

Stage 4

Answer 26

up and down continuous wave lengths

Question 27

Sleep Apnea

Answer 27

Dangerous condition where the person stops breathing while asleep

Question 28

Nacrolepsy

Answer 28

Brain abnormality, person suddenly falls into REM sleep without warning

Question 29

Sleep Talking

Answer 29

makes no sense but sometimes speaks or shouts intelligible phrases

Question 30

Nightmares

Answer 30

occur in REM sleep, frequent if person is under emotional stress and in children

Question 31

Activation Synthesis Theory

Answer 31

dreams are the by product of cortex attempt to make sense of the random firing of neurons during REM sleep

Question 32

Insomnia

Answer 32

impairment in functioning due to inability to sleep, psychological problems.

Question 33

Learning

Answer 33

relatively permanent change in behavior occurs as a result in experience

Question 34

What are the three main types of learning and who used them

Answer 34

Classical conditioning( Pavlov and Watson), Operant Conditioning( BF Skinner), Observational Learning(Albert Bandura)

Question 35

Classical Conditioning

Answer 35

Process by which behaviors are learned through assciations

Question 36

Dreams

Answer 36

Emotional parts of the brain are still active such as visual cortex are active during REM sleep

Question 37

Unconditioned Response

Answer 37

unlearned response to stimulus

Question 38

Neutral Stimulus

Answer 38

does not naturally elicit a response

Question 39

Conditioned Response

Answer 39

learned response to the neutral stimulus

Question 40

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 40

any stimulus that will after association with an unconditioned stimulus cause a conditioned response when present

Question 41

Extinction

Answer 41

CR is weakened by presenting the CS without the US

Question 42

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 42

CR recurs a time delay and without additional learning

Question 43

Shaping

Answer 43

rewarding successively closer approximations of desired behavior. (useful for teaching new behavior)

Question 44

Partial Reinforcement

Answer 44

reinforcing a behavior some but not all of the time

Question 45

Positive Punishment

Answer 45

weakens a response by presenting an aversive stimulus

Question 46

Negative Punishment

Answer 46

weakens response by removing an enjoyable stimulus

Question 47

Variable ratio schedule

Answer 47

highest response, rewards are given randomly around an average number of responses