Flashcards in Ch. 4-8 Deck (47)
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1
Sensation
process by which senses pick up stimuli in the enviroment and transmit them to the brain
2
Perception
process by which sensory information is organized and interpreted in the brain to give it meaning
3
Kinesthetic
sense of body position, orientation and movement
4
Vestibular
Sense of balance and movement (inner ear)
5
Sensory receptors
specialized cells in the sense organs that detect and respond to one type of sensory stimuli
6
What are some of the sensory stimuli that sensory receptors respond too
light, sound, waves, odors and convert neural impluses
7
Transduction
process of the sensory receptors convert the sensory stimulation into neural impuleses
8
Cornea
tough, transparent protective layer covering the front surface of the eyeball. directs lights rays through the pupil
9
Retina
layer of tissue located on the inner surface of the eyeball contains sensory receptors for vision
10
Rods
light sensitive, detect light and dark, insensitive to red and take 20-30 mins to adjust to darkness
11
Cones
Located in the fovea, less light sensitive, detect colors and detail vision
12
Fovea
small area at center of retina provides clearest and sharpest area of vision. contains no rods but 30,000 cones
13
Blind Spot
each retina area where there are no rods or cones because of the retinal neuron cells are extending through the retinal wall
14
Optic Nerve
The nerve that carries visual information from the retina to the brain
15
Optic Chiasm
the point where two optic nerves come together and some of the nerve fibers cross the opposite side of the brain
16
Bottom Up processing
bits of data are combined until a complete perception is formed
17
Top Down processing
Application of previous experience and knowledge to recognize the whole perception
18
Circadian Rhythms
Changes in energy level, mood and efficiency through the day 24 hour rhythm
19
What Part of the brain control the Circadian Rhythm
Controlled by the Hypothalamus
20
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
Tiny structure in the brain hypothalamus that controls timing of circadian rhythms the biological clock
21
What are the five stages of Sleep
Stage 1,2,3,4, REM sleep
22
REM sleep
Rapid Eye Movement, paralysis of large muscles increased brain activity, and vivd dreams
23
Stage 1
Very light, Alpha waves are replaced with theta waves
24
Stage 2
Sleep deeper, clustered spindle areas in EEG
25
Stage 3
Spindles disappear, delta waves appear (minor lifts and large lifts like a mountain)
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Stage 4
up and down continuous wave lengths
27
Sleep Apnea
Dangerous condition where the person stops breathing while asleep
28
Nacrolepsy
Brain abnormality, person suddenly falls into REM sleep without warning
29
Sleep Talking
makes no sense but sometimes speaks or shouts intelligible phrases
30
Nightmares
occur in REM sleep, frequent if person is under emotional stress and in children
31
Activation Synthesis Theory
dreams are the by product of cortex attempt to make sense of the random firing of neurons during REM sleep
32
Insomnia
impairment in functioning due to inability to sleep, psychological problems.
33
Learning
relatively permanent change in behavior occurs as a result in experience
34
What are the three main types of learning and who used them
Classical conditioning( Pavlov and Watson), Operant Conditioning( BF Skinner), Observational Learning(Albert Bandura)
35
Classical Conditioning
Process by which behaviors are learned through assciations
36
Dreams
Emotional parts of the brain are still active such as visual cortex are active during REM sleep
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Unconditioned Response
unlearned response to stimulus
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Neutral Stimulus
does not naturally elicit a response
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Conditioned Response
learned response to the neutral stimulus
40
Conditioned stimulus
any stimulus that will after association with an unconditioned stimulus cause a conditioned response when present
41
Extinction
CR is weakened by presenting the CS without the US
42
Spontaneous Recovery
CR recurs a time delay and without additional learning
43
Shaping
rewarding successively closer approximations of desired behavior. (useful for teaching new behavior)
44
Partial Reinforcement
reinforcing a behavior some but not all of the time
45
Positive Punishment
weakens a response by presenting an aversive stimulus
46
Negative Punishment
weakens response by removing an enjoyable stimulus
47
