Flashcards in Memory Deck (63)
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1
Encoding
process by which information gets into memory storage
2
Selective
Attending to certain stimuli while ignoring other stimuli
3
Divided
Attending to several stimuli at the same time
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Sustained
Ability to maintain attention to a stimulus for a prolonged period of time
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Storage
How information is retained and represented over time in memory
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3 Memory Storage Systems
Sensory Memory, Short Term Memory, Long Term Memory
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What was the Atkinson Shiffrin Model of Memory Storage
The three stages of memory
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Explicit Memory (Declarative Memory)
Types of memory elicited through the conscious retrieval of recollection in response to direct questions
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Implicit Memory (Non-Declarative Memory)
non-conscious recollection of prior experience that is revealed indirectly by its effects on performance
10
Sensory Memory
Visual sensory memory:iconic memory
Auditory Sensory memory:echoic memory
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Iconic Memory
a fleeting sensory memory for visual images that lasts only a fraction of a second
12
Short Term Memory
Limited capacity, duration of 20-30 secs due to limited space and interference
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Long Term Memory
Duration can last potential decades, and large capacity
14
Memory
The retention of information over time
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Episodic Memory
retention of persona information about life's events, autobiographical
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Semantic Memory
General Knowledge about facts
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Two parts of Explicit Memory
Episodic and Semantic Memory
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Two parts of Implicit Memory
Procedural memory and Priming
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Procedural Memory
Memory for skills
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Priming
Activation of information that people already have in storage that is below conscious awareness
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Retrieval
Process by which information that was retained in memory is taken out of storage
22
Development
Pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through the life cycle
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The course of prenatal development
The Germinal Period, The embryonic period, fetal period
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Germinal Period
Creation of zygote, continued cell division and attachment of zygote to uterine wall
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How long is the Germinal Period
Conception - day 14
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Embryonic Period
major organs develop, most rapid changes occur in this stage
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How long is the Embryonic Period
From 2-8 weeks
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Fetal Period
Growth and finishing phase, rapid increase in size
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How long is the Fetal Period
Months 2-9
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Teratogens
broad range of substances and conditions that may result in defects of the fetus
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Infant Reflexes
Sucking, rooting, grasping, stepping, startle reflex
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Piagets Theory of Cognitive Development
Children actively construct their knowledge of the world through their direct interactions with physical world
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Piaget's stages of cognitive development
Sensorimotor (0-2), Preoperational (2-7), Concrete Operational (7-11), Formal Operational (11-14)
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Sensorimotor Stage
(0-2), Thought- coordination of sensations with motor action.
Key development is object permanence
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Object permance
understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight
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Preoperational Stage
2-7 years, Mental representation and symbolic thinking, Egocentrism, thought limiations
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Egocentrism
Cannot differentiate own perspective from that of others
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Concrete Operational Stage
7-11 years, Classification and conservation
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Formal Operational Stage
11-15 years, last through adulthood, abstract and idealistic thought, hypothetical deductive reasoning
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Infant Attachment
close emotional bond between caregiver and infant, during first year of life, important foundation for subsequent development
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Securely Attached Infants
(70%), use their mothers as a secure base by which they explore. when mothers leave they become upset
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Insecure- Avoidant Infants
(15%), remain independent throughout the strange situation. do not become upset when mother leaves
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Insecure-Resistant Infants
(15%), little exploration, clingy and preoccupied with mother. upset when mother leaves and not soothed when she returns
44
Eriksons Psychosocial Development
Proposed 8 stages of Psychosocial development, with a positive resolution of each stage
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What are the 8 stages of Eriksons Psychosocial Development
Childhood,
trust vs mistrust,
autonomy vs shame,
Intitative vs guilt,
industry vs inferiority,
adolescence,
identity vs indentity confusion
adulthood
intimacy vs isolation
generativity vs stagnation
intergrity vs despair
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Trusting Infants
(positive resolution)Trust develops when basic needs are consistently met
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Mistrusting infants
(negative resolution) Mistrust develops when basic needs are not consistently met
48
What are the 6 basic emotions
Fear
Anger
Disgust
Surprise
Happiness/Joy
Sadness/distress
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Affect
feeling/emotion
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Body
Physiological reaction
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Cognition
Appraisal
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5 theories of Emotion
James Lange Theory
Cannon Bard Theory
Schacter Singer Theory
Lazarus Theory
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
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James Lange Theory
Physiological arousal occurs before emotion
B=A
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Singer-Schacter Two Factor Theory
Bodily changes and a cognitive label are needed to completely experience an emotion
B&C=A
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Lazarus Theory
cognitive occurs first and then leads to the emotional response
A=C=B
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Facial Feedback Hypothesis
Movements of the facial muscles produce or intensify emotional reactions
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Cannon Bard Theory
Stimulus causes the arousal and the emotion stimultanously
A=stimulus=B
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Autonomy
(positive resolution) develops when toddlers gains control over own body
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Shame and doubt
(negative resolution) develops when toddler can not control body
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Industry
(positive resolution) develops by mastering knowledge and intellectual skills, build, etc in a school setting
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Inferiority
(negative resolution) develops when child feels that they can not do what other children are doing
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Identity formation
(positive resolution) develops by figuring out who you are and where you are going in life
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