Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

AP Biology > Ch 4 and Ch 5 > Flashcards

Ch 4 and Ch 5 Flashcards

(57 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

microscopy

A

the only reason we can look at cell structure today

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

light microscope

A

light passes through the specimen and lens that refracts an image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

needed components of microscopy

A

magnification, resolution, and contrast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

electron microscope

A

focuses beam of electrons on specimen; better resolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

transmission electron microscope

A

inject a dye and electrons shoot through the specimen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

scanning electron microscope

A

put gold on top of cell and shoot electrons to see topography of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

cell fractionation

A

place broken-up cells in a centrifuge and different organelles will make layers; used to study organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

cytoplasm

A

suspends components of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

cell size limits

A

an upper limit exists because a certain surface area is required in order for diffusion to occur fast enough; a lower limit exists because there must be space for enough enzymes and DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

plasma membrane

A

a selective barrier allows passage of necessary molecule transfers; also important in cell to cell signalling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

nucleus

A

where genes, DNA, and rRNA are kept

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

nuclear envelope

A

double membrane that are structured by protein filaments but allow items to pass through pores; rRNA move from here to the ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

nucleolus

A

inside the nucleus, holds rRNA and directs messenger RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

ribosomes

A

cell components that carry out protein synthesis, are “free” in the cytoplasm or “bound” to the Rough ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

endomembrane system

A

the organelles with inner cell membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

vesicles

A

sacs made of membrane that transfer membrane segments and hold small things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

(endomem); connected to the nuclear envelope; smooth ER and rough ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

rough ER

A

(endomem); forms proteins meant to be excreted, packages in vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

smooth ER

A

(endomem); carries out metabolic processes and synthesis of lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

golgi apparatus

A

(endomem); receives packages from ER and modifies them; receives, sorts, and ships items to the correct parts of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

lysosome

A

(endomem); hold enzymes that digest compounds in the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

autophagy

A

when the lysosome uses enzymes to recycle organic compounds in the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

vacuoles

Study These Flashcards
A

(endomem); have membranes derived from the ER and Golgi, transport products

24
Q

mitochondria

Study These Flashcards
A

cellular respiration and creates ATP

25
chloropasts
photosynthesis for the energy of the cell
26
endosymbiont theory
a eukaryotic cell was once using other cells to create energy for it, but one day it used phagocytosis to engulf these prokaryotes as organelles
27
cytoskeleton
network of fibers in and outside of the cell that provide means for support and motility
28
motility of cytoskeleton
cytoskeleton attaches motor proteins and cilia and flagella are parts of cytoskeleton that move the cell around
29
types of cytoskeleton fibres
microtubules (thick), intermediate filaments, microfilaments (thin)
30
microtubules
thick fibre that shapes and supports the cell while also providing tracks for organelles to move
31
centrioles and centrosomes
places from where filaments and tubules attach, important in cellular reproduction
32
microfilaments and intermediate filaments
provide tension in structure; intermediate filaments are more permanent
33
extra cellular matrix
provides the support that cell wall does for plants, for animal cells; glycoproteins and glycolipids, as well as collagen connect to cytoskeleton and provide connection between outer membrane and the cell
34
"glyco"
means there is a carbohydrate attached
35
the phospholipid bilayer
amphipathic; proteins float freely while other lipids attach to the membrane; the two layers shift laterally so the membrane remains fluid
36
membrane fluidity
fluid when layers can shift laterally; cholestrol and other specialized lipids prevent the settling and solidifying of the two layers even as temperatures change
37
integral proteins
penetrate hydrophobic parts of the lipid bilayer; usually totally transmembrane; allows hydrophillic substances to pass
38
water's polarity
water is polar and dissolves other polar molecules
39
peripheral proteins
appendages to the membrane that are attached to the extracellular matrix, but also functional
40
selective permeability of the cell membrane
hydrophobic molecules (nonpolar) can dissolve and pass through the lipid bilayer; hydrophillic (polar) can't dissolve and must be transported
41
transport proteins
allow hydrophillic substances (polar) to pass through the membrane; channel proteins or carrier proteins
42
channel proteins
transport proteins that make a pathway for substances to pass through
43
carrier proteins
attach to a substance, change it's properties and shape, transports across the membrane, then detaches
44
diffusion
passive transport; a substance tending to spread out; moves from high concentration to low; only if membrane allows it to pass
45
osmosis
passive transport; the diffusion of water across a membrane that tries to reach equilibrium of solute concentration if the solute can't pass through the membrane
46
hypertonic
outside liquid has higher concentration of solute; cell's water is squeezed out
47
hypotonic
inner cell has higher concentration of solute; cell intakes water
48
isotonic
the solute's concentration is equivalent and the cell is in equillibrium
49
plant cells is hypotonic solutions
won't burst because the cell wall prevents too much water from rushing into the cell
50
turgor
a plant cell is more turgid when there is more water filling the cell wal
51
active transport
uses energy like ATP to power a protein to move a solute against its gradient
52
ion pumps
are electrically and chemically influenced to move an ion; they diffuse with the gradient electrochemically as long as a stimulus opens their gates
53
electrogenic pump
an ion pump that goes against the concentration gradient; transports 3 positive ions for every 2 negative ions, so creates membrane potential
54
cotransport
pumps an ion one way; then when the ion diffuses back the other way, the ion brings something else with it
55
exocytosis
a vacuole membrane fuses with the outer membrane and releases its contents
56
phagocytosis
engulfs a particle and creates a vacuole with the membrane
57
pinocytosis
a small vesicle collects extracellular fluid and transports those solutes

AP Biology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions