Ch1 and CH 19: Methods and Evolution

Question 1

biology

Answer 1

the scientific study of life

Question 2

evolution

Answer 2

the fundamental principle of biology; the process of change that has transformed life

Question 3

The ten levels of biology

Answer 3

Biosphere; Ecosystems; Communities; Populations; Organisms; Organs; Tissues; Cells; Organelles; Molecules

Question 4

Biosphere

Answer 4

all life on Earth and their living spaces

Question 5

Ecosystems

Answer 5

all living things in an area and nonliving parts of the environment; deciduous forest

Question 6

Communities

Answer 6

only the living things within the ecosystem, doesn’t include nonliving parts of the environment

Question 7

Populations

Answer 7

populations consist of all the individuals of a species within a specific area; the population of sugar maples in a deciduous forest

Question 8

Organisms

Answer 8

individual living things; a single sugar maple

Question 9

Organs

Answer 9

a body part with multiple cell types that carries out a particular function in the body; a single maple leaf

Question 10

Tissues

Answer 10

a group of cells that work together to perform a specialized function

Question 11

Cells

Answer 11

multicellular organisms have specialized cells; single cell organisms have a cell that does everything

Question 12

Organelles

Answer 12

the functional components present in cells

Question 13

Molecules

Answer 13

combine to provide functions for organelles

Question 14

Emergent properties

Answer 14

properties that are added when we jump a level in the biological organization

Question 15

Reductionism

Answer 15

the approach of reducing complex systems to simpler components that are easier to study

Question 16

Structure and Function

Answer 16

the theme that every structure in an organism is designed to improve function; a hummingbird’s shoulders can rotate so that it can hover

Question 17

Eukaryotic cell

Answer 17

have membranes around organelles; DNA nucleus; linear DNA

Question 18

Prokaryotic cell

Answer 18

no DNA nucleus; no membranes around organelles; usually smaller; DNA floats around; circular DNA

Question 19

Energy and Matter

Answer 19

the theme that energy transforms from one form to another to make life possible; plants from sun; animals from plants; animals from animals…

Question 20

Evolution explains…

Answer 20

the unity and disunity of life on Earth

Question 21

The domains of life

Answer 21

Bacteria, Archaea (both prokaryotic), Eukarya (all eukaryotic)

Question 22

Charles Darwin

Answer 22

descent with modification is the original idea of evolution: that organisms differ from their ancestors; natural selection as the mechanism for evolution

Question 23

Observations from Darwin that led to Natural Selection Theory

Answer 23

1. there are many different heritable traits within a population; 2. an organism can produce more offspring than can survive; 3. species are adapted to their environment

Question 24

Inductive reasoning

Answer 24

make a sweeping generalization from smaller observations

Question 25

Theory

Answer 25

is less specific than a hypothesis; more of a sweeping hypothesis that includes many species or populations

Question 26

Scala Naturae

Answer 26

Aristotle noticed that all organisms fall on a hierarchy of complexity

Question 27

Linnaeus' Contribution

Answer 27

binomial format of naming species; adopted a nested classification structure with similar species

Question 28

Studying fossils

Answer 28

fossils in a specific strata can be traced to a range in time

Question 29

Gradualism

Answer 29

species evolve slowly and continuously over time

Question 30

Uniformitarianism

Answer 30

processes in geography that operated in the past are similar to processes now; things change at the same rate as they did in the past

Question 31

Biogeography

Answer 31

the study of the geographic distribution of organisms

Question 32

Lamarck's Theories

Answer 32

use and disuse, structures that are used extensively grow faster; the idea that an organism could pass adaptations to its offspring

Question 33

Darwins Research

Answer 33

occurred in 1800s on the HMS Beagle voyage to the Galapogos

Question 34

Artificial Selection

Answer 34

humans' modification of a species because they have selected preferable traits and bred them

Question 35

Homology

Answer 35

similarity of structures resulting from common ancestry; homologous structures are similar structures

Question 36

Vestigial Structures

Answer 36

structures that are remnants of features that an organism's ancestor used, but organisms now barely do

Question 37

Convergent Evolution

Answer 37

the evolution of similar features in organisms with different lineages.

Question 38

Homologous vs Analogous

Answer 38

homologous structures occur in the same lineage; analogous structures occur from convergent evolution in different lineages

Question 39

Malthus said...

Answer 39

that sooner or later a population will be checked by a natural occurance

Question 40

Embryology and evolution

Answer 40

the study of the embryo shows that many mammals and other organisms develop embryos the same way, suggesting a common ancestry

Question 41

What is the unit of natural selection?

Answer 41

variation, sometimes caused by mutations

Question 42

What is the unit of evolution?

Answer 42

population