Ch. 4: Cartilage Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
Cartilage cells do not have capillary networks of their own, nutrition is accomplished by what
A
diffusion
2
Q
what are the functions of cartilage?
A
support and a template for endochondral bone ossification
3
Q
what are the three types of cartilage
A
hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage
4
Q
hyaline cartilage fiber type
A
collagen II
5
Q
elastic fiber type
A
collagen II and elastic
6
Q
fibrocartilage fiber type
A
collagen I primary, little cartilage II
7
Q
does hyaline have a perichondrium
A
yes usually
8
Q
does elastic have a perichondrium
A
yes
9
Q
does fibrocartilage have a perichondrium
A
no
10
Q
what is the matrix of hyaline cartilage made up of
A
ground substance and fibers
11
Q
what is the ground substance made up of in the matrix of hyaline cartilage
A
aggrecans, hyaluronic acid, other proteoglycans, chondronectin
12
Q
large molecules composed of proteins (forms core) and sulfated GAG’s
A
aggrecans
13
Q
how many GAG’s per aggrecan are there
A
100-200
14
Q
chondroitin sulfate, keratin sulfate and heparin sulfate are all examples of what
A
sulfated GAG’s
15
Q
the fibers in the matrix of hyaline cartilage are what type
A
primary- collagen II
some- collagen 9, 10, 11
16
Q
another name for chondrogenic cells
A
chondroprogenitors
17
Q
appearance of chondrogenic cells
A
very narrow
18
Q
location of chondrogenic cells
A
chondrogenic perichondrium
19
Q
chondrogenic cells are usually derived from
A
usually mesenchyme cells (sometimes osteoprogenitors)
20
Q
chondrogenic cells differentiate into what
A
chondroblasts but sometimes osteoprogenitors
21
Q
function of chondrogenic cells
A
chondroblast source
22
Q
do chondrogenic cells undergo mitosis
A
yes
23
Q
appearance of chondroblast
A
oval
24
Q
location of chondroblast
A
chondrogenic perichondrium
25
where are chondroblasts derived from
usually chondrogenic cells (sometimes mesenchyme cells for interstitial cartilage growth or fibroblasts for appositional cartilage growth)
26
what do chondroblasts differentiate into
chondrocytes
27
function of chondroblasts
produce all parts of matrix
28
do chondroblasts undergo mitosis
no
29
can chondroblasts be inactive for long periods of time
yes
30
do chondroblasts like high or low oxygen environments
low
31
appearance of chondrocyte
round
32
location of chondrocyte
interior to the perichondrium
33
where are chondrocytes derived from
chondroblasts
34
chondrocytes differentiate into what
nothing, this is the end of the cartilage cell line but they can possibly revert back to chondroblasts
35
chondrocytes maintain the _________ and prevent _____________
matrix; calcification
36
do chondrocytes produce new matrix sometimes?
yes
37
do chondrocytes undergo mitosis
yes
38
young chondrocytes can divide how many times
one or two max
39
what is the location of the perichondrium
peripheral to cartilage
40
what are the two exceptions of cartilage with no perichondrium
epiphyseal growth plates and articular cartilage (at the ends of bones)
41
what are the two parts of perichondrium
fibrous perichondrium and chondrogenic perichondrium
42
what perichondrium is the outermost layer, collagen I, primary cell type is fibroblast and is the vascular layer
fibrous perichondrium
43
what perichondrium is the innermost layer, thin, has chondrogenic cells and chondroblasts, collagen II, and avascular
chondrogenic perichondrium
44
tissue creation or the development of cartilage in the fetus is termed what
histogenesis aka chondrogenesis
45
interstitial cartilage growth begins with a grouping of rounded _________ cells that can be called a chondrogenic _________
mesenchymal; nodule
46
chondrification within the chondrogenic nodule involves what
mesenchyme cells differentiating into chondroblasts
47
transcription factor SOX-9 and the forces exerted in the area are factors affecting what
mesenchyme cells differentiating into chondroblasts during chondrification
48
chondroblasts will secrete what
matrix components
49
matrix concentrates sets up and does what to chondroblasts
differentiates them in to chondrocytes
50
chondrocytes will likely do two things: 1. secrete more matrix to turn into _______ ________ or 2. divide into _______ __________
territorial matrix; isogenic groups
51
what is the stopping point of cartilage development
chondrogenic perichondrium
52
fibrous perichondrium develops from what
surrounding vascular mesenchyme tissue
53
interstitial growth (a modified version) occurs in what two locations
articular cartilage and epiphyseal growth plates
54
the surface layer of articular cartilage is primarily densely packed with what
collagen II
55
in the articular cartilage, these cells are arranged in columns, may occasionally divide, and secrete some matrix for maintenance
chondrocytes
56
this is deep by bone and functions to seal cartilage from bone
thin crystalline mineral plate
57
the outer layer of the joint capsule is composed of what
fibrous dense ct
58
the outer layer of the joint capsule is continuous with what of adjacent bones
periosteum
59
another name for synovial layer
synovial membrane
60
this is the inner ct layer covering non-articular surfaces. It contains rich blood, lymphatic and nerve supply. It regenerates rapidly if damaged and is not considered an epithelial lining
synovial layer or synovial membrane
61
the synovial layer/membrane has two cell types which are what
type A synovocytes and type B synovocytes
62
type A synovocytes are ___________ and their function is to remove debris from joint space by phagocytosis
macrophages
63
type B synovocytes resemble ___________ and they secrete synovial fluid
fibroblasts
64
this has high concentrations of hyaluronan and lubricin
synovial fluid
65
_________ functions to supply nutrients and oxygen to chondrocytes while __________ functions in joint lubrication
type A synovial fluid; type B synovial fluid
66
what are the three types of synovial membranes
fibrous synovium, areolar synovium, and adipose synovium
67
this is a loose areolar ct with type A and B cells; extends into joint cavity as synovial folds and vili; occurs where there is movement
areolar synovium
68
this is dense irregular ct; covering tendons and ligaments
fibrous synovium
69
this covers intra-articular fat pads; type B cells here
adipose synovium
70
this occurs much slower than interstitial cartilage growth and is more common
appositional cartilage growth
71
appositional cartilage growth is a process that originates within where
within the perichondrium
72
during appositional cartilage growth what becomes active
chondrogenic cells and chondroblasts
73
during appositional cartilage growth new chondroblasts also develop from ________
fibroblasts in the fibrous perichondrium
74
during appositional cartilage growth new chondrogenic perichondrium develops from what
the previous fibrous perichondrium
75
during appositional cartilage growth new fibrous perichondrium develops from what
surrounding ct
76
what are the functions of appositional cartilage growth
enlarge existing cartilage and healing
77
what cartilage type has elastic fibers, larger chondrocytes, more chondrocytes, and less matrix
elastic cartilage
78
what is the function of elastic cartilage
to provide more flexibility
79
besides the few differences elastic is otherwise like ________ cartilage in basic structure and function
hyaline
80
the major structural features of ____________ are chondrocytes; fibrocytes and fibroblasts; collagen I and some hyaline matrix which has collagen II; no perichondrium; avascular (except in the knee menesci)
fibrocartilage
81
what are the two important functions of fibrocartilage
1. provides strength; resist stretch/tensile forces (more collagen I)
2. shock absorption; resists compressive forces (more hyaline matrix)
82
no appositional healing because of no perichondrium which leads to 100% scar tissue are limitations of what
fibrocartilage
83
in the development of fibrocartilage initially, tissue is more like ______ __________ ct with fibroblasts and fibrocytes
dense regular
84
in the development of fibrocartilage to resist compression and force the fibroblasts produce what
proteoglycans and GAG's
85
in the development of fibrocartilage fibroblasts will change into ____________ due to the pressure from accumulating molecules
chondrocytes
86
in the development of fibrocartilage if there are more compressive forces then there will me more what
hyaline matrix
87
in the development of fibrocartilage if there is more shearing/pulling forces then there will be more what
collagen I produced by the fibroblasts
88
in the development of fibrocartilage some fibroblast remain which will mature into what
fibrocytes
89
fibrocartilage is the combination of what
dense regular ct and hyaline cartilage
90
as the age of cartilage increases the number of chondrocytes ________
decreases
91
as cartilage age increases the matrix amount ________
decreases
92
as cartilage age increases the calcification ________
increases (this is not an issue for elastic cartilage because of decreased number of chondrocytes) ; typically only observed with hyaline cartilage
93
the effects of hormones and vitamins is greatest during/on what three things
1. original development of cartilage
2. ossification
3. epiphyseal growth plates
94
healing of hyaline and elastic cartilage is better or worse in children compared to adults
much better
95
true/false the healing of hyaline and elastic cartilage is very limited
true
96
during the healing of hyaline and elastic cartilage inflammation will lead to what
scar tissue formation
97
what is another name for osteoarthritis (OA)
Degenerative Joint Disease
98
osteoarthritis is pathological if it occurs when
before the age of 65 or if it occurs too severely
99
what are the three types of OA
1. primary OA
2. traumatic OA
3. Inherited OA
100
what is the most common type of OA
peimary
101
primary OA is _________ related
age-related
102
wear and tear and muscle dysfunction are possible causes of what
primary OA
103
what type of OA is injury related
traumatic OA
104
what type of OA is from a genetic mutation to collagen II fiber that makes them weaker, could show up in the 20's, early onset, severe and systemic
inherited OA
105
what is the OA cycle
cartilage decreases--> osteophytes develop--> joint irritation--> inflammation--> lose more cartilage
106
what functions to resist compressive forces; has much HA therefore much water; collagen II; and has no to few cells after 20's
nucleus pulposus in the intervertebral discs
107
what functions to support the nucleus pulposus; composed of collagen I with some hyaline matrix; some fibrocytes and chondrocytes
annulus fibrosus= fibrocartilage in the intervertebral discs
108
as age increases there is _______ collagen II and ________ collagen I in the hyaline matrix
more; less
109
when discussing age related degenerative changes to the IVD fibrocytes make more ___________ but they are weak
proteoglycan
110
when discussing age related degenerative changes to the IVD chondrocytes make more _________ molecules to try to increase strength but they are still weaker
aggregant
111
when discussing age related degenerative changes to the IVD the nucleus pulposus is going to have ________ decrease which takes off some stress
water
112
what is an adhesive glycoprotein
chondronectin
113
what do not form aggregates; bind to other molecules; help to stabilize matrix
proteoglycans
114
what has bonds to many aggrecans
hyaluronic acid or hyaluronan
115
held between HA and the aggrecans are large amounts of what
water
