Ch. 7: Circulatory System

Question 1

the circulatory system consists of the _________ system to carry blood and the ________ system to collect and transport lymph

Answer 1

cardiovascular; lymphatic

Question 2

the most inner layer of the heart wall is what

Answer 2

endocardium

Question 3

what are the four layers of the endocardium

Answer 3

1. endothelium
2. looser ct layer
3. more dense regular ct layer
4. sub-endocardial layer

Question 4

which layer of the endocardium is made up of simple squamous cells

Answer 4

endothelium

Question 5

which layer of the endocardium is made up of fibroelastic ct

Answer 5

looser ct layer

Question 6

which layer of the endocardium is made up of more collagen I and elastic fibers and some smooth muscle

Answer 6

more dense regular ct layer

Question 7

which layer of the endocardium is made up of looser ct with blood vessels, nerves and purkinje fibers

Answer 7

sub-endocardial layer

Question 8

what is another name for purkinje fibers

Answer 8

modified cardiac myocytes

Question 9

what have fewer myofibrils and are peripherally placed, have stored glycogen, attached by gap junctions and macula adherens, and function to conduct contraction impulse rapidly

Answer 9

purkinje fibers aka modified cardiac myocytes

Question 10

which two layers of the heart are considered to be subendothelium

Answer 10

looser ct layer and more dense regular ct layer

Question 11

what are the layers of the heart from inside out

Answer 11

endocardium, myocardium, epicardium/visceral pericardium, pericardial cavity, parietal pericardium

Question 12

the atria, ventricle, intercalated discs, and specialized cardiac muscle cells or myoendocrine cells are all found in what layer of the heart

Answer 12

myocardium

Question 13

the atria have less _______ and more _______ fibers than the ventricle

Answer 13

muscle; elastic

Question 14

the ventricle is a well-developed _________ layer

Answer 14

muscle (cardiac)

Question 15

the ___________ ____________ is where fat can accumulate

Answer 15

visceral pericardium

Question 16

__________ fluid is thinner than mucus

Answer 16

serous

Question 17

the intercalated discs have two portions, what are they

Answer 17

transverse and longitudinal

Question 18

what is held together by fascia adherens, macula adherens and large gap junctions

Answer 18

transverse and longitudinal portions of the intercalated discs

Question 19

what functions to attach cardiac myocytes in a row (series), attach and stabilize myofibrils (actin and myosin), and cell to cell communication

Answer 19

intercalated discs

Question 20

what functions to attach cardiac myocytes in a row (series)

Answer 20

macula adherens and gap junctions

Question 21

what functions to attach and stabilize myofibrils (actin and myosin)

Answer 21

fascia adherens

Question 22

what functions in cell to cell communication

Answer 22

gap junctions

Question 23

sympathetics will _________ heart rate and ________ contraction force

Answer 23

increase; increase

Question 24

parasympathetics _______ the heart rate and _________ contraction force

Answer 24

decrease; decrease

Question 25

what is another name for specialized cardiac muscle cells

Answer 25

myoendocrine cells

Question 26

in myoendocrine cells and in hormone secretion in the atria and interventricular septum _________ are released into surrounding capillaries

Answer 26

hormones

Question 27

fluid and electrolyte balance and decrease blood pressure are both functions of what

Answer 27

hormones

Question 28

hormones function in fluid and electrolyte balance mainly in the _________. Hormones decrease blood pressure in smooth muscle in small ________ and _________

Answer 28

kidneys; arteries; arterioles

Question 29

the pericardium is also known as what

Answer 29

serous pericardium

Question 30

the pericardium is broken into two layers:

Answer 30

1. epicardium (visceral pericardium) | 2. parietal pericardium

Question 31

another name for the epicardium is what

Answer 31

visceral pericardium

Question 32

what layer of the epicardium (visceral pericardium) contains coronary vessels, nerves and sometimes a lot of adipose

Answer 32

sub-epicardial layer of fibroelastic ct

Question 33

what layer of the epicardium secretes a serous lubricating fluid

Answer 33

mesothelium

Question 34

the sub-epicardial layer of fibroelastic ct and the mesothelium are both layers making up what

Answer 34

epicardium

Question 35

the mesothelium and layer of fibroelastic ct are both layers that make up what pericardial layer

Answer 35

parietal pericardium

Question 36

what contains both parietal pericardium and fibrous pericardium

Answer 36

the pericardial sac

Question 37

what part of the heart holds ~15-50 ml of fluid and is between the visceral pericardium (epicardium) and parietal pericardium

Answer 37

pericardial cavity

Question 38

what is made up of endothelium with dense irregular ct below. The dense irregular ct has many collagen I and elastic fibers and is almost avascular

Answer 38

a general valve

Question 39

the cardiac skeleton is made up of what

Answer 39

dense fibrous ct

Question 40

the annuli fibrosi, trigonum fibrosum, and septum membranaceum are the three main components of what

Answer 40

the cardiac skeleton

Question 41

what is around the base of the aorta, pulmonary artery and the openings to the chambers

Answer 41

annuli fibrosi

Question 42

what is by the cusps of the aortic valve

Answer 42

trigonum fibrosum

Question 43

what is the upper portion of the interventricular septum and functions as the origin/insertion for some cardiac myocytes

Answer 43

septum membranaceum

Question 44

chordae tendinae are tendon-like so therefore ct type is what

Answer 44

dense regular ct

Question 45

the chordae tendinae isolate the atrial and ventricular myocardia to ensure what

Answer 45

rythmic contraction in each chamber

Question 46

what is chest pain usually brought on by exertion called

Answer 46

angina

Question 47

slow progressive narrowing of coronary vessels therefore less oxygen is a cause of what

Answer 47

angina

Question 48

abnormal heart rhythms are called what

Answer 48

dysrhythmia

Question 49

__________ can result when damage or death occurs to Purkinje fibers and other conducting tissues

Answer 49

Dysrhythmia

Question 50

_________ is an infection in pericardial cavity and therefore inflammation of the pericardium

Answer 50

pericarditis