Ch. 9: Digestive system Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
what are the functions of the digestive system
A
- nutrient break down
- absorption
- elimination of wastes
2
Q
what are the three salivary glands
A
parotid, submandibular and sublingual
3
Q
what is the largest salivary gland but produces ~30% of total salivary output
A
parotid
4
Q
what gland is most affected by mumps and has the facial nerve passing thru it
A
parotid
5
Q
as one ages this gland commonly becomes infiltrated with adipose
A
parotid
6
Q
the parotid gland is 100% ________ producing
A
serous
7
Q
this gland produces salicary amylase (alpha amylase) which starts the digestion of carbs, produces lysozyme and produces IgA
A
parotid
8
Q
this gland is smaller but produces ~60% of total salivary output and is possibly infiltrated by fat by midlife
A
submandibular
9
Q
this is a mixed gland producing mucus and serous products; ~80-90% serous
A
submandibular
10
Q
this is the smallest gland which produces ~5% of total salivary output
A
sublingual
11
Q
this is a mixed gland producing mucus and serous products; ~80% mucus producing
A
sublingual
12
Q
this gland has no separate serous acini; all serous products come from serous demilunes
A
sublingual
13
Q
saliva secretion is stimulated by what impulses
A
autonomic efferent
14
Q
__________ impulses will increase the amount of watery secretion
A
parasympathetic
15
Q
__________ impulses will result in a decreased amount of saliva with a thicker consistency which results in a dryer oral cavity
A
sympathetic
16
Q
the function of this is to transfer bolus to the stomach from the oropharynx
A
esophagus
17
Q
the surface epi of the mucosa of the esophagus is what
A
stratified squamous
18
Q
the mucosa of the esophagus contains _________ cells
A
Langerhans
19
Q
langerhans cells in the esophagus contain ________ ________ cells, are mildly phagocytic and perhaps function in food allergies
A
antigen presenting
20
Q
the lamina propria of the esophagus is composed of what
A
loose areolar ct
21
Q
the lamina propria of the esophagus can have _________ __________ glands which function to produce mucus
A
esophageal cardiac glands
22
Q
what are the two regions in the esophagus where you can find esophageal cardiac glands
A
near pharynx (sometimes) and near the stomach (primarily found)
23
Q
the muscularis mucosa of the esophagus is a discontinuous layer of _________ muscle
A
longitudinal
24
Q
the muscularis mucosa of the esophagus is thinner _________ (by pharynx) and thicker _________ (by stomach
A
distally; proximally
25
the submucosa of the esophagus is composed of what
dense fibroelastic ct
26
what type of glands are found in the submucosa of the esophagus
esophageal proper glands (aka esophageal glands)
27
what is the function of esophageal glands
produce mucus
28
the muscularis externa of the esophagus exhibits what arrangement
normal pattern of inner circular and outer longitudinal layers
29
the upper 1/3 of the muscularis externa of the esophagus is what
all skeletal ms
30
the middle 1/3 of the muscularis externa of the esophagus is what
mixture of skeletal and smooth ms
31
the lower 1/3 of the muscularis externa of the esophagus is what
all smooth ms
32
the esophagus has adventitia or serosa?
primarily adventitia except the last inch or two (point it passes the diaphragm)
33
the esophagus has two physiological sphincters, what are they
1. pharyngoesophageal sphincter
| 2. gastroesophageal sphincter (lower esophageal sphincter)
34
where is the pharyngoesophageal sphincter found
between the oropharynx and esophagus
35
where is the gastroesophageal sphincter found
between the esophagus and stomach
36
What has these four complimentary forces?
1. diaphragm contraction
2. greater intra-abdominal pressure than intra-gastric pressure being exerted upon the abdominal part of the esophagus
3. peristalsis
4. maintenance of correct anatomical arrangements of structures
lower esophageal sphincter
37
what are the two characteristics of physiological sphincters
1. no thickening of circular muscle in ME
| 2. pressure gradient aids movement
38
storage and some nutrient breakdown (mostly chemical) are functions of what
stomach
39
the lesser curvature of the stomach is what
concave
40
the greater curvature of the stomach is what
convex
41
the narrow region by gastroesophageal sphincter is what
cardia
42
the domed region often filled with gas is what
fundus
43
the largest portion of the stomach is called what
body (corpus)
44
the constricted portion by the pyloric sphincter is what
pylorus
45
the longitudinal folds which allow for distention is what
rugae
46
the tiny depressions in the stomachs surface are what
gastric pits
47
how many glands does one gastric pit lead to?
two or more
48
the surface epithelium of the stomach is what
simple columnar
49
these cells of the stomach are found in the mucosa, produce thick visible mucus and release bicarbonate into the mucus
surface mucus cells
50
the lamina propria in the stomach is composed of what
loose, vascular ct
51
the muscularis mucosa in the stomach is composed of what
smooth ms layer often arranged in three layers:
1. inner circular
2. outer longitudinal
3. outermost circular (sometimes)
52
T/F the submucosa of the stomach is highly vascular
True
53
this is the location of AVA (arteriovenous anastomosis) in the stomach
submucosa
54
what is the function of the arteriovenous anastomosis
to shut down secretion and muscular activity fast
55
This plexus is found in the submucosa of the stomach. it is next to the inner circular layer of muscle and functions to influence the mucosa
Submucosal (Meissner's) Plexus
56
what are the three muscle layers found in the muscularis externa of the stomach
1. innermost oblique (sometimes)
2. middle circular (well developed)
3. outer longitudinal (usually thin)
57
where in the stomach is there a greater chance of seeing all three muscle layers of the muscularis externa
between cardiac region and greater curvature; all smooth muscle
58
what plexus is found in the muscularis externa of the stomach and functions to influence the muscularis externa. It is found between the circular and longitudinal layers of ms
Myenteric (Auerbach's) Plexus
59
will you find serosa or adventitia in the stomach
all serosa
60
what are the three regions of the stomach
cardiac, gastric and pyloric
61
this is the smallest region of the stomach with shorter pits which lead to cardiac glands with a coiled base
cardiac region
62
there are a lot of cells in the cardiac region of the stomach but you will not find what
chief cells
63
gastric glands are found in what region of the stomach
gastric
64
these extend from the gastric pit to the MM
gastric glands
65
what are the three regions of a gastric gland
isthmus, neck and base
66
what cells are found in the isthmus of gastric glands
surface mucus and DNES cells
67
this type of DNES cell produces samatostatin which inhibits release of hormones by nearby DNES cells
Type D
68
this type of DNES cell produces serotonin and substance P which increases peristalsis
Type EC
69
this type of DNES cell produces gastrin which stimulates HCL and pepsinogen secretion, gastric motility, and regenerative cells in the body of the stomach
Type G
70
what cells are found in the neck of the gastric glands
neck mucus cells, regenerative cells, parietal cells and DNES cells
71
what cells are found in the neck of gastric glands and produce a soluble mucus that is thinner and lubricates stomach contents
neck mucus cells
72
what cells are found in the neck of gastric glands and they function to replace all cell types
regenerative cells
73
what cells are found in the neck of gastric glands and are odd columnar cells with intracellular canaliculi. they produce HCL and gastric intrinsic factor
parietal (oxyntic) cells
74
chronic gastritis can lead to what
pernicious anemia (decrease in # of parietal cells-->less gastric intrinsic factor--> decrease B12 absorption--> necessary for maturation of RBC
75
the base of the gastric glands are composed of what cells
chief (zymogenic) cells
76
what is the function of chief cells in the base of the gastric glands
produce pepsinogen to breakdown proteins and produce gastric lipase to break down fats
77
what region of the stomach has deeper pits; very twisted and branched pyloric glands
pyloric region
78
what region of the stomach has some surface mucus, DNES and parietal cells, some neck mucus cells that also produce some lysozyme
pyloric region
79
is the pyloric sphincter anatomical or physiological
anatomical
80
where is the pyloric sphincter located
between the pylorus of the stomach and the duodenum
81
well developed inner circular layer of muscle in the ME and inner circular layer in ME can be independently controlled are characteristics of what
anatomical sphincters
82
what are these the functions of
1. digestion
2. absorb nutrients
3. produce intestinal hormones using DNES cells
small intestines
83
what are the three surface adaptations that increase the surface area of the small intestines by a factor of 400 plus
1. plicae circulares (valves of kerckring)
2. villi
3. microvilli
84
these are permanent folds affecting the mucosa and submucosa; found throughout the duodenum jejunum and proximal ileum
plicae circulares (valves of kerckring)
85
where are microvilli found in the small intestines
on the luminal cell surface
86
what is the surface epithelium for the intestinal luminal wall
simple columnar
87
what are the cell types found in the surface epi in the intestinal luminal wall
surface absorptive cells, goblet cells, DNES cells, regenerative cells and paneth cells
88
what are these the main functions of:
1. absorb water and nutrients
2. terminal digestion in glycocalyx; thin layer of glycoproteins and polysaccharides that cover the surface of the cells
surface absorptive cells
89
do surface absorptive cells contain microvilli
yes
90
these cells are the fewest in the duodenum and most in the ileum
goblet cells
91
there are 11 types of this kind of cell in the small intestines
DNES
92
this type of DNES cell produces cholecystokinin which stimulates the gallbladder contraction and stimulates pancreas secretion
type I
93
this type of DNES cell produces GIP which inhibits HCl
Type K
94
this type of DNES cell produces secretin which stimulates pancreas secretion
Type S
95
this type of DNES cell produces vasoactive intestinal peptide which increases peristalsis in small and large intestines
type VIP
96
where in the intestines are regenerative cells found
in crypts
97
where in the intestines are paneth cells found
base of crypts
98
what is the function of paneth cells
produce lysozyme
99
the lamina propria in the small intestines is composed of what
loose areolar ct
100
in the lamina propria of the small intestines what is found in the villus core
lacteals, vascular components and some longitudinal smooth muscle
101
what are lacteals
lymphatic capillary
102
what is the function of lacteals
lipid absorption
103
why is having some longitudinal smooth muscle in the small intestines important
if irritated-->muscle contracts--> villi shorten--> nutritional deficiencies
104
what part of the mucosa of small intestines is thin but present; connects to smooth muscle in villi
muscularis mucosa
105
what is the submucosa of the small intestines composed of
dense fibroelastic ct
106
is the submucosa of the small intestines vascular
highly vascular
107
in the submucosa in the duodenum these structures are found; they are seromucus glands
Brunners glands
108
what do brunners glands produce
alkaline mucus and urogastrone (an epidermal growth hormone)
109
what is produced by brunners glands, increases mitosis of epithelial cells and inhibits HCl acid production in the stomach
urogastrone
110
where are peyers patches located
ileum
111
what are groups of regularly occurring large lymph nodules found in the ileum called
Peyer's patches
112
the submucosal (Meissner's) Plexus in the ileum undergoes _________ innervation
parasympathetic
113
the muscularis externa of the small intestines exhibits what pattern
normal pattern
114
to stimulate the ME for peristalsis is the function of what in the ME of the small intestines
myenteric (Auerbach's) Plexus
115
where is the myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus located
between the circular and longitudinal layers of muscle in the ME
116
where do you find serosa/adventitia in the small intestines
serosa: all of jejunum and ileum; first and last cm of duodenum
adventitia: vertical portion of duodenum
117
where is the ileocecal valve found
between the ileum and caecum of the colon
118
is the ileocecal valve a physiological or anatomical sphincter
both!!
119
what is the blind pouch, on the right, extending from the cecum called
appendix
120
what is the surface epi of the appendix
simple columnar
121
what cells are found in the mucosa of the appendix
surface absorptive cells, goblets, regenerative cells, and DNES cells
122
is there a lamina propria present in the appendix
yes
123
is there a muscularis mucosa in the appendix
yes but poorly developed
124
does the mucosa of the appendix have crypts
yes but short
125
does the mucosa of the appendix have villi
nope
126
does the mucosa of the appendix have paneths
no/infrequent
127
what is the thick layer with large blood vessels of the appendix
submucosa
128
what notable structures are in the submucosa of the appendix
numerous lymph nodules
129
what is the muscularis externa of the appendix like
normal pattern but thin
130
does the appendix have serosa or adventitia
all serosa
131
what are the functions of the appendix
1. humoral immunity
| 2. source of good bacteria after an intestinal illness
132
these are general functions of what:
1. absorption of water
2. compaction, lubrication and elimination of feces (yummy)
2. also occurring is production of some vitamins from bacteria
colon
133
what is the surface epi of the colon
simple columnar
134
what is the lamina propria like in the colon
typical with crypts
135
what is the muscularis mucosa like in the colon
typical
136
the mucosa of the colon lacks what two things
1. villi
| 2. paneths
137
what is the submucosa like in the colon
typical
138
what makes the muscularis externa of the colon different
the outer longitudinal ms is gathered into bands called teniae coli and is discoutinuous
139
constant tonus of teniae coli results in sacculations called what
hahahaha. .. sacculations
| answer: haustra coli
140
does the colon have adventitia or serosa
ascending and descending colons: adventitia
| transverse and sigmoid colons: serosa
141
what are fat-filled pouches created by the serosa on the colon called
appendices epiploicae
142
when you have a damaged mucus coat and/or too much HCl and pepsin produced that can result in what?
peptic ulcers
143
what is the causative organism of peptic ulcers? (I thought we were done with micro!!!)
Helicobacter pylori
144
if luminal acidity is decreased, damaged tissues can repair in 1-2 months
no answer, just an important fact
145
cigarette smoking, alcohol, caffeine, calcium and aspirin can all cause what
peptic ulcers
146
stomach chyme backing up into the lower esophagus is the cause of what
gastroesophageal (esophageal) reflux
147
chronic gastritis, hiatal hernia, pregnancy, incopetent lower esophageal sphincter and subluxations are all possible contributing factors of what
esophageal reflux
148
keep a food diary of food, spices and drinks consumed along with reflux episodes, limit how much is eaten at one time, and do not eat less than 3 hours before bed are all ways to reduce what
reflux
149
what are some problem foods that cause reflux
spices, acidic food/beverages, fatty foods, alcohol
150
when the stratified squamous epi is replaced by mucus-secreting simple columnar epi in the lower esophagus is called what
Barrett's esophagus
151
Barrett's esophagus is __________ due to a chronic problem
metaplasia
