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Organ Histo > Ch. 5: Bone > Flashcards

Ch. 5: Bone Flashcards

(100 cards)

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1
Q

bone is another type of specialized ct which is _______ and less _______ than cartilage

A

harder; flexible

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2
Q

structural support, serve as levers for muscles/locomotion, protect organs and house bone marrow, and metabolic reserve for minerals are all functions of what

A

bone

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3
Q

the matrix of bone is composed of ______ and _______

A

inorganic and organic matrix

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4
Q

65% of dry weight comes from what

A

inorganic matrix of bone

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5
Q

hydroxyapatite crystals, calcium phosphate, and other minerals compose what

A

inorganic matrix of bone

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6
Q

35% of dry weight comes from what

A

organic matrix of bone

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7
Q

what type of collagen is found in the organic matrix of bone

A

primarily collagen I

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8
Q

collagen I makes up what percentage of organic matrix

A

80-90%

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9
Q

what type of matrix has a highly organized fiber arrangement

A

organic matrix

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10
Q

what type of sulfated GAG’s are found in the matrix of bone

A

primarily chondroitin and keratin sulfates

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11
Q

what type of nonsulfated GAG is found in the matrix of bone

A

hyaluronic acid

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12
Q

hyaluronic acid in bone holds 20-25% of what

A

water

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13
Q

proteins that bind minerals to collagen (binding proteins), enhance mineral deposition onto collagen I, proteins that bind matrix components to cells, and are found in the matrix of bone are called what

A

glycoproteins

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14
Q

there is a higher percentage of organic matrix in who

A

adults vs. young children

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15
Q

as maturity increases matrix uniformity will _________ therefore stability ________

A

increases; increase

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16
Q

what types of cells are found in bone

A

osteoprogenitor (osteogenic cell), osteoblast, osteocyte, bone-lining cells, osteoclast

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17
Q

what type of cell appears flat, located in the endosteum and periosteum, usually derived from mesenchyme cells but possibly chondrogenic cells, functions to change into osteoblasts and undergoes mitosis

A

osteoprogenitor (osteogenic cell)

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18
Q

what type of cell appears cuboid to columnar, located in the endosteum and periosteum, derived from osteoprogenitor cells, functions to produce osteoids, and does not undergo mitosis

A

osteoblast

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19
Q

what cell produces materials (matrix vesicles) which initiates the calcification of the newly produced bony matrix

A

osteoblasts

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20
Q

osteoblasts respond to ________ directly

A

PTH (parathyroid hormones)

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21
Q

when an osteoblast responds to PTH it produces a factor _______ that causes creation of new osteoclasts

A

OPG

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22
Q

after an osteoblast produces factor OPG it secretes ________ _________ _________

A

osteoclast stimulating factor

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23
Q

after an osteoblast produces osteoclast stimulating factor it produces enzymes to condition bone for the ________

A

osteoclasts

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24
Q

what cell type appears to conform to the lacuna, surrounded by matrix, derived from osteoblasts and functions to maintain the matrix and monitor the matrix and does not undergo mitosis

A

osteocyte

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25
what cell releases factors to influence osteoblast activities
osteocyte
26
what cell releases factors to cause creation of new osteoclasts
osteocyte
27
what cell appears flat, located primarily in the endosteum, usually derived from osteoblasts and possibly osteocytes, function to wait to become a osteoblast again and do not undergo mitosis
bone-lining cell
28
what type of cell is large and multinucleated, located in the endosteum and periosteum, derived from pre-osteoclasts and function to resorb bone
osteoclast
29
the mechanism of bone resorption occurs in the _______________ compartment
subosteoclastic compartment
30
the mechanism of bone resorption dissolves inorganics by using what
strong acids (primarily carbonic acid)
31
by using strong acids to dissolve inorganics during bone resorption pH __________
decreases
32
during bone resorption organics are borken down using what
lysosomal enzymes (occurs fast)
33
during primary hormone regulation of osteoclasts what will increase osteoclast activity by causing osteoblasts to secrete osteoclasts
PTH
34
during primary hormone regulation of osteoclasts what decreases osteoclast activity
calcitonin
35
primary bone is _________ bone or ________
immature bone or woven
36
secondary bone is ________ bone or _________
mature bone or lamellar
37
what type of bone is found in fetal development and bone repair
primary bone aka immature bone aka woven
38
what type of bone has many osteocytes, low minerals and more random collagen I
primary bone aka immature bone aka woven
39
what type of bone has more mineral therefore stronger bone
secondary bone aka mature bone aka lamellar
40
what type of bone has organized collagen I
secondary bone aka mature bone aka lamellar
41
what type of bone is composed of lamellae with no ct spaces/vascular channels
compact bone
42
what type of bone has an outer circumferential lamallae or periosteal lamellae
compact bone
43
what has newer bone under the periosteum and often many Sharpey's fibers
outer circumferential lamellae aka periosteal lamellae of compact bone
44
compact bone has an inner circumferential lamellae called what
endosteal lamellae
45
what lamellae has newer bone next to cancellous bone and marrow cavity
inner circumferential lamellae aka endosteal lamellae
46
haversian systems are also known as what
osteons
47
what are the small spaces in an osteon called
lacunae
48
what are the rings of bone made by osteoblasts and found in the osteon called
lamellae
49
these are small canals containing osteocyte cell processes, and are found in the osteon
canaliculi
50
the central (Haversian) canal contains ________ _________ ct which are made up of many cell types, has blood and lymph vessels, sympathetic nerves and found in the endosteum
loose areolar
51
what is the potential problem of the loose areolar ct in the central canal
inflammation closes the vessels and tissue is harmed
52
what connect adjacent osteons, are a vascular channel, and are found in Haversian Canals
Volkmann's Canals
53
what are irregular arcs of bone in between complete osteons
interstitial lamellae
54
what is cancellous bone also called
trabecular bone (spongy)
55
in cancellous bone what align with stress, are not random, and are surrounded by irregular ct filled spaces
trabeculae
56
what is the osteon structure in cancellous bone aka trabecular bone aka spongy bone
usually none
57
where do cells in spongy bone get their nourishment
from vessels in the ct
58
the periosteum is composed of what two parts
fibrous periosteum and osteogenic periosteum
59
what type of periosteum is mostly collagen I, can include many sharpey's fibers, many fibroblasts, and has blood vessels and nerves
fibrous periosteum
60
what periosteum functions to distribute blood vessels and nerves
fibrous periosteum
61
what periosteum functions to provide transition between bone and tendons and ligaments
fibrous periosteum
62
what periosteum consists of a single layer of cells (possibly osteoprogenitor, osteoblasts and osteoclasts)
osteogenic periosteum
63
what periosteum functions in healing, growth and remodeling
osteogenic periosteum
64
what has a single layer of cells that line the internal bone surfaces
endosteum
65
osteogenic, osteoblast, osteoclast and bone lining cells are all components of what
endosteum
66
what is located lining endosteal lamellae or cancellous bone
endosteum
67
what is located lining ct sinusoids
endosteum
68
what lines the Volkmans and central canal
endosteum
69
what doesn't the endosteum line
lacunae and canaliculi
70
where does intramembranous ossification occur
all of frontal and parietal bones, parts of occibital and temporal bones, most of mandible, all of clavicle and maxilla
71
read about the general processes of the histogenesis of bone starting on page 7. too damn complicated to put into question form
blah
72
bone in metaphysis growing towards epiphysis as cartilage in epiphyseal growth plate continues to develop results in what
an increase in LENGTH
73
bone growth in the osteogenic periosteum results in what
and increase in WIDTH
74
hormones associated with sexual maturity will _______ cartilage development in the epiphyseal growth plates
slow
75
bone development is controlled by what
HGH, thyroid hormones and sex hormones
76
is articular cartilage affected by hormones
NO
77
in young people bone development is ________ than bone resorption
greater
78
in adults (after epiphyseal growth plate closure) bone development is _________ bone resorption
equal to
79
what is cancellous bone remodeling influenced by
bone marrow cells
80
compact bone remodeling is influenced by what
systemic factors from osteogenic periosteum and endosteum
81
what is a fracture
damaged tissue, matrix, and much cell death
82
during bone repair what results in a decrease in oxygen and more cell death
bleeding, clotting and the shut down of blood vessels to affected area
83
this is the typical process of what? 1. fracture 2. bleeding, clotting and the shut down of blood vessels to affected area 3. granulation tissue develops and osteoprogenitor divide and migrate to area 4. osteoprogenitors/osteoblasts on the living edges (bony collar) creates an external callus that functions to provide stabilization 5. osteoprogenitors soon move into granulation tissue below 6. blood vessels will eventually grow into injured area 7. bone develops similar to endochondral bone ossificaiton
process of bone repair
84
what hormone influences bone growth
somatotropin (HGH)
85
somatotropin stimulates what
osteoblast and fibroblast formation
86
if there is low somatotropin (HGH) what happens to bone density
decreases
87
what is the cause of scurvey
vitamin C deficiency
88
what disease affects collagen I reducing bony matrix and bone development and delays healing
scurvey
89
Vitamin D deficiency in children therefore low calcium absorption can cause what
rickets
90
when ossification is disrupted therefore deformed bones and fractures are likely is from what
rickets
91
prolonged vitamin D deficiency in adults can cause what
osteomalacia
92
in osteomalacia newly formed bone does not _______ therefore fractures __________
ossify; increase
93
curvature of the spine (kyphosis), severe back pain, and decrease in height are all signs of what
osteoporosis
94
what are the primary cells involved in osteoporosis
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
95
what type of osteoporosis effects females only and due to low estrogen levels
postmenopausal osteoporosis
96
what type of osteoporosis effects males and females and likely results from lowering HGH levels therefore lower osteoblast numbers
age-related osteoporosis
97
what reduces osteoclast lifespan, increases osteoblast lifespan, activates osteoblasts to secrete osteoid, and slows bone remodeling
estrogen and osteoporosis
98
it is believed that osteoclasts dig deeper resorption cavities that osteoblasts cannot completely refill during what
estrogen and osteoporosis
99
long use of glucocorticoids, antacid use, high protein diet, excessive thyroid hormones, anticonvulsants and other drugs can lead to what
osteoporosis
100
what are the three steps to prevent osteoporosis
1. balanced diet 2. weight bearing exercise 3. healthy lifestyle

Organ Histo (6 decks)

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