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BIOL 2259 - Microbio > Ch. 4 - Microbial Diversity: Acelluar Prokaryotes > Flashcards

Ch. 4 - Microbial Diversity: Acelluar Prokaryotes Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

Virus constituents

A
  • Genome
  • Capsid - protein coat surrounding the genome which is composed of capsomeres
  • Viral enveloppe
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2
Q

5 Properties that distinguish viruses from living cells

A

1) RNA OR DNA - living cells have both
2) Unable to replicate on their own (use machinery from cells they infect)
3) No mitosis, meiosis, or binary fission
4) Lack of genes/enzymes needed for energy production (use energy from host)
5) Dependant on host ribosomes, enzymes, and metabolites for protein and nucleic acid production

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3
Q

Caliciviruses

A

Cause actue gastroenteritis (vomitting/diarrhea)

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4
Q

Picoviruses

A 
Small RNA virus
Rinovirus (common cold)
Polio virus
Hep A
Coxasckievirus
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5
Q

Reovirus

A

enterovirus (intestinal infection)

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6
Q

Rotavirus

A

Bad GI bugs, kills 800 000 people per year in developping countries. Developed countries have vaccines

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7
Q

Flavivirus

A

Arboviruses arthropod vectors
West nile
Yellow Fever
Zeka virus - doesnt normally have an affect, maybe mild fever, but pregnant women are seeing that there may be a link to microcephaly of the baby

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8
Q

Corona virus

A

Respiratory tract infections

  • COVD-19
  • SARS
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9
Q

Togaviruses

A

Zootonic viruses carried by mosquitoes that could lead to equine encephalitis
Rubella (german measles)

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10
Q

Rhabdoviruses

A

cause rabbies

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11
Q

paramyxoviruses

A

Cause measles and moxyvirus (mumps)

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12
Q

Orthomyxoviruses

A

cause the flu

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13
Q

Arenaviruses

A

cause hemorrhagic fever

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14
Q

Bunyaviruses

A

cause a number of febrile disease

Rodent host or arthropod vector with vertebrate host

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15
Q

Lentivirus

A

HIV

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16
Q

Oncovirus

A

cancer causing

HPV, ebsteen barr

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17
Q

Parvoviruses

A

Cause parvo in puppies. There are vaccines

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18
Q

Adenoviruses

A

Respiratory tract infections/pneumonia
Pink eye
Some tumours

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19
Q

Papillomavirus

A

Causes warts (genital warts/HPV)

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20
Q

Polymavirus

A

causes tumours (some cancerous)

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21
Q

Herpesvirus

A

Herpes simplex I (cold sores)
Herpes simplex II (genital herpes)
Herpes zoster (shingles/vericella)
Ebsteen-barr (3 cancers- 2 lymphomas)

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22
Q

Poxvirus

A

Variolla (small pox)

Vascina (cow pocks)

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23
Q

Hepadnaviruses

A

Hep B virus

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24
Q

Most viral genomes are ___ stranded _(RNA/DNA)__

A

double stranded DNA
or
Single stranded RNA

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25
Bacteriophage
Viruses that infect bacteria
26
Virulent bacteriophage cause the ___ cycle
Lytic cycle - ends in cell destruction
27
Lytic cycle
Step 1) ATTACHMENT of phage to cell surface receptor Step 2) PENETRATION of bacteriophage and insertion of phage DNA into cell Step 3) BIOSYNTHESIS of new phage DNA and proteins Step 4) ASSEMBLY of new phage particles Step 5) LYSIS of cell and RELEASE of progeny phages
28
Steps in the multiplication of animal viruses
Step 1) ATTACHMENT of phage to cell surface receptor Step 2) PENETRATION of bacteriophage and insertion of phage DNA into cell Step 3) UNCOATING - because they have to penetrate the nucleus of eukaryotic cells Step 4) BIOSYNTHESIS of new phage DNA and proteins Step 5) ASSEMBLY of new phage particles Step 6) LYSIS of cell and release of progeny phages or BUDDING off
29
Penetration of a host cell by a non-enveloped virus
Endocytosis: 1) bind to host cell membrane receptors 2) invagination of membrane 3) formation of endocytic vesicle 4) release or virion into cytoplasm
30
Penetration of a host cell by an enveloped virus
1) Bind to cell membrane receptor 2) fusion of viral envelope with host cell membrane 3) nucleocapsid enters the cell
31
Latent virus infection
Virus hides from host immune system by remaining dormant | ex- herpes
32
How do antivirals work?
Interfere with virus specific enzymes and virus production by disrupting critical phases in viral multiplication OR inhibiting synthesis of viral DNA/RNA proteins
33
What type of virus is HIV?
enveloped, single strnded, RNA | Retrovirus
34
What is a retrovirus
RNA virus that inserts a DNA copy of their genome into the host cel in order to replicate
35
What is the primary target of HIV
CD4+ cells (T helper)
36
HIV and reverse transcriptase
Converts viral RNA to DNA
37
Viroid
Short naked fragments of single stranded RNA that infect plants and interfere with their metabolism
38
Prions
They are the most resistant to disinfectants and can cause fatal neurological diseases in animals and humans. The mechanisms of how they cause disease is unknown
39
Diameters of virus and cocci bacterium
virus: 10-300nm | cocci bacterium 1um
40
3 categories of bacteria
Gram pos + cell wall Gram - + cell wall Mycoplasma
41
Diplococci bacteria
pairs | gonorrhea
42
streptococci bacteria
chains | strept throat
43
staphylococci bacteria
clusters | boils
44
Average size of bacillis
1x3um
45
Coccobacili
extremely short bacili, almost like ball
46
Bacteria fixation
Kill organism, preserve morphology, anchor to slide Heat fixation - not standardized as heat may alter morphology Methanol fixation - alcohol causes the water to dry up
47
Gram staining technique
1) fixation 2) crystal violet solution 3) rinse and flood with iodine. This will turn everything purple and increases the affinity of the cell wall for a stain by binding to the primary stain 4) Rinse excess iodine and decolourize with ethanol. This removes iodine from the cells that hold it as tightly, removing their stains 5) Rinse ethanol as soon as gram (-) loses its stain 6) Apply counter stain safarin 7) wash with water, blot, air dry
48
Gram variable bacteria
Neither consistently purple or pink after staining | Identified with acid fast stain
49
Acid Fast Stain
Red dye driven through bacterial cell wall suing heat to soften the waxes in cell wall. Rinse- since mycobcteria are not decolourized by the acid-alcohol mix, they keep their stain
50
How to test bacterial motility
Semisolid agar method: Fill test tube with agar, then dip a needle which has bacteria on it into the tube. Observe how/if they spread out Hanging drop technique: To study living bacteria Allows more room to move and we can distinguish motility from Brownian motion
51
size of bacterial colonies is determined by ____
Generation time
52
Obligate aerobes
Need oxygen
53
Microarophillic anaerobes
Need some oxygen
54
facultative anaerobes
Can use oxygen or not - depends
55
Aerotolerant anaerobes
Can tolerate oxygen but don't need it
56
Obligate anaerobes
need anaerobic environment
57
Capnophillic
need increased concentration of CO2
58
How do we test bacteria's need for oxygen
``` Thioglycollate broth (THIO) -bacteria will migrate to the part of the tube where it will survive ```
59
Fastidious
organisms with especially demanding nutritional requirements
60
How are bacterial pathogens identified?
by the enzymes they secrete
61
Rickettsias
Gram (-) obligate intracellular leaky memrbanes found in ticks, lice, flees..
62
Chlamydias
gram (-) obligate intracelullar pathogen energy parasites - they prefer to use energy molecules produced by the host cell
63
Name 2 obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens
Rickettsias , Chlamydias
64
Mycoplasms
smallest cellular microbe lack cell wall therefore pleomorphic and resistant to drugs that attack cell walls cause primary atypical pneumonia and GI infections "fied egg colonies"
65
anogygenic photosynthesis
photosynthesis doesnt produce oxygen purple bacteria green bacteria
66
Oxygenic bacteria
photosynthesis produces oxygen | cyanobacteria
67
How do prokaryotes differ from bacteria?
they both posses cell walls, but prokaryotic cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan

BIOL 2259 - Microbio (11 decks)

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