Ch. 7 - Microbial Physiology and Genetics

Question 1

Chemolithotrophs

Answer 1

inorganic chemicals as energy source

Question 2

Chemoorganotrophs

Answer 2

organic chemicals as energy source

Question 3

Photoautotrophs

Answer 3

light & carbon dioxide

Question 4

Photoheteroptrophs

Answer 4

light & non carbon organic compounds

Question 5

Chemoautortrophs

Answer 5

chemicals & carbon dioxide

Question 6

Chemoheterotrophs

Answer 6

chemicals & non carbon organic compounds

Question 7

DF Ecology

Answer 7

The study of the interactions between living organisms and the world around them

Question 8

DF Ecosystem

Answer 8

The interactions between living organisms and their no living environment

Question 9

DF Biologic Catalysts

Answer 9

Enzymes that either cause a particular chemical reaction to occur or accelerate it

Question 10

Endoenzymes

Answer 10

produced in and remain in that cell to catalyze a reaction

ex: digestive enzymes within phagocytes

Question 11

Exoenzymes

Answer 11

produced within a cell then released out to catalyze extracellular reactions.
ex: cellulase

Question 12

Factors affecting the efficiency of enzymes (4)

Answer 12

pH
Temp
[ ] of enzyme/substrate
Presence of inhibitors

Question 13

DF Metabolite

Answer 13

Any molecule that is a nutrient, an intermediary product, or an end product in a metabolic reaction

Question 14

CATABOLIC/ANABOLIC reactions are a cell’s major source of energy.

Answer 14

Catabolic

Question 15

Catabolism (4)

Answer 15

• catabolic reactions
• release energy
• breaking bonds
• large molecules to small

Question 16

Anabolism (4)

Answer 16

• anabolic reactions
• requires energy
• creation of bonds
• small molecules to large

Question 17

Glycolysis

Answer 17

glucose to pyruvic acid
anaerobic, enzyme specific
2 ATP

Question 18

Kreb Cycle

Answer 18

Pyruvate to oxaloacetate
aerobic, in mitochondira
2 ATP + NADH, 10H+, FADH2, 3CO2

Question 19

Electron Transport Chain

Answer 19

Series of REDOX reactions where energy is released as electrons are transferred from one compound to another.
Aerobic, mitochondria
32-34 ATP
- varies depending on how many NADH molecules produced during glycolysis enter the mitochondria

Question 20

In the ETC, what enzymes transfers the electron the oxygen, the final receptor?

Answer 20

Cytochrome oxidase

Question 21

Oxidative phohsphorylation

Answer 21

ATP formed as the result of transfer of electrons from NADH/FASH2 to O2

Question 22

How many ATP are produced during glucose fermentation?

Answer 22

~2

Question 23

DF REDOX reactions

Answer 23

Paired reactions in which electrons are transferred from one compound to another

Question 24

DF mutation

Answer 24

A Change in a DNA molecule (genetic alteration) that is transmissible to offspring

Question 25

Mutagens

Answer 25

Physical or chemical agents that can increase rate of mutations

Question 26

Mutant

Answer 26

An organism containing the mutation

Question 27

Why do bacterial genetics have a higher mutation rate than humans?

Answer 27

Because bacterial genes are constantly reproducing whereas we have cells in our bodies that live our full lifespan without reproducing

Question 28

Episome

Answer 28

A plasmid that can either exist by itself or integrate into the chromosome

Question 29

Lysogenic conversion

Answer 29

- Temperate phage injects its DNA into a host bacterial cell - Lysogeny: Phage DNA integrates into the bacterial chromosome without leading to the lytic cycle. - The result is that the bacterial cell exhibits new properties, directed by the viral genes - remains dormant until conditions are right where it will switch into the lytic cycle

Question 30

Lysogenic cell

Answer 30

The bacterial cell carrying a prophage

Question 31

Transduction

Answer 31

- Bacterial genetic material is carried from one bacterial cell to another via a bacteriophage

Question 32

Transformation

Answer 32

Bacterial cell becomes genetically transformed following the uptake of DNA fragments from its environment

Question 33

Competence

Answer 33

The ability to absorb naked DNA into the cell

Question 34

Conjugation

Answer 34

Sex pilus attaches to a recipient cell and the plasmid is transferred through a conjugate poor

Question 35

R-factor

Answer 35

A plasmid that contains multiple genes for antibiotics resistance

Question 36

Genetic engineering

Answer 36

Using technology to transfer eukaryotic DNA into easily cultured cells to manufacture important gene products

Question 37

Gene Therapy

Answer 37

Insertion of a normal gene into cells to correct a specific genetic disorder due to a defective gene - specific viruses are selected to target the DNA of specific cells