Ch. 6 - Biochemical Basis of Life: chemical and genetic aspects of microorganisms)

Question 1

DF Biochem

Answer 1

The chemistry of living cells

Question 2

DF: hydrocarbon

Answer 2

Organic molecule that contains only carbons and hydrogen atoms

Question 3

DF cyclic compounds

Answer 3

Carbon atoms linked to other carbon atoms to close a chain

Question 4

Carbohydrate formula

Answer 4

1C : 2H : 1O

Question 5

Dehydration synthesis

Answer 5

Combination of 2 monosaccharides following the removal of water

Question 6

Hydrolysis reaction

Answer 6

disaccharides react with water to break into individual monosaccharides

Question 7

What is the biochem of peptidoglycan?

Answer 7

A repeating disaccharide attached to proteins to forma lattice that surrounds the bacterial cell.

Question 8

2 Main functions of polysaccharides

Answer 8

1) Stores energy as glycogen/starch

2) Provides a tough molecule for structural support/protection

Question 9

Saturdated fatty acids
Monounsaturated fatty acids
Ployunsaturated fatty acids

Answer 9

sat. - single bonds, solid at room temp

monounsat- one double bond, butter, olives, peanuts

polyunsat- 2+ double bonds, soybeans,corn

Question 10

What are waxes

Answer 10

saturated fatty acid + long chain alcohol

Question 11

Glycerophospholipids & sphingolipids

Answer 11

Glycerophospholipids: glycerol backdone, 2 fatty acids,, PO4-alcohol

sphingolipids: sphingosin, fatty acid, PO4-choline

Question 12

The outter membrane of gram (-) bacteria contain ___, but gram (+) dont

Answer 12

LPS: lipopolysaccharaide (lipid+polysaccharide)

Question 13

Lecithins and cephalins

Answer 13

glycophospholipids in brain/nerve tissue, and egg yolk

Question 14

Sphingolipids

Answer 14

found in brain/nerve tissues and makes up the myelin sheath

Question 15

Glycolipids

Answer 15

brain and myeline sheath

Question 16

Prostaglandins and leukotrienes

Answer 16

wide effects on body chemistry and blood pressure.

Leukotrienes can produce long lasting muscle contractions

Question 17

___ are the most essential chemical in all living cells

Answer 17

Protein

Question 18

What type of bond connects individual amino acids?

Answer 18

peptide bond (covalent)

Question 19

Protein structure

Answer 19

1’ - linear sequence of amino acids

2’ - twisting/coiling of the amino acid chain (a-helix/B-sheath)

3’ - folding or entwining of the chain (3D structure)

4’ - Bonding of 2+ polypeptide chains to make complex protein molecules

Question 20

DF enzyme

Answer 20

Specialized protein molecules produced by living cells

Question 21

Apoenzymes

Answer 21

Only function when linked with a nonprotein cofactor or coenzyme

Question 22

cofactors

Answer 22

calcium, iron, magnesium…

Question 23

coenzymes

Answer 23

vitamin type compound

Question 24

Holoenzyme

Answer 24

the unit of enzyme + cofactor

Question 25

Central Dogma of DNA Replication

Answer 25

DNA ---transcription---> RNA ---translation---> Protein

Question 26

RNA vs DNA (3)

Answer 26

1. DNA contains deoxyribose as its pentose ; RNA contains ribose as its pentose 2. DNA contains thymine ; RNA contains uracil 3. RNA can leave the nucleus and DNA cannot

Question 27

Pyramidines

Answer 27

C U T

Question 28

Purines

Answer 28

A, G

Question 29

What type of bond holds together the double helix/base pairs of DNA?

Answer 29

Hydrogen bond

Question 30

Which enzyme is most important for DNA replication?

Answer 30

DNA polymerase

Question 31

Inducible genes

Answer 31

Genes that are only expressed when the gene products are needed

Question 32

Constitutive genes

Answer 32

Genes that are expressed at all times

Question 33

What is the primary enzyme involved in transcription?

Answer 33

RNA polymerase

Question 34

Why can both transcription and translation occur at the same time in prokaryotes only?

Answer 34

Transcription and translation both occur in the cytoplasm so ribosomes can attache to the mRNA molecules as they are being transcribed. Whereas, in eukaryotes, transcription occurs int he nucleus

Question 35

Ribosome protein formation

Answer 35

A site - tRNA with anticodon enters the ribosome P site - amino acid binds to polypeptide chain E-site - tRNA exits alone from here