ch 5

Question 1

solution

Answer 1

homogenous mixture of two substances

Question 2

solvent

Answer 2

majority component of the mixture

Question 3

solute

Answer 3

minority component of the mixture

Question 4

aqueous solution

Answer 4

water acts as the solvent

Question 5

concentration

Answer 5

amount of solute relative to solvent

Question 6

dilute solution

Answer 6

one that contains a small amount of solute relative to the solvent

Question 7

concentrated solution

Answer 7

one that contains a large amount of solute relative to the solvent

Question 8

Molarity (M)

Answer 8

the amount of solute (in moles)/volume of solution (in liters)

Question 9

dilution equation

Answer 9

M1V1=M2V2

Question 10

how do solids dissolve in water?

Answer 10

the attractive forces that hold the solid together compete with the attractive forces between the solvent molecules and the particles that compose the solid

Question 11

solute-solute interactions

Answer 11

attractive forces that hold the solid together

Question 12

solvent-solute interactions

Answer 12

attractive forces between the solvent molecules and the particles that compose the solid

Question 13

the oxygen atom in water is ____ rich, giving it a partial negative charge

Answer 13

electron

Question 14

the hydrogens in water are ___ poor, giving them a partial positive charge

Answer 14

electron

Question 15

electrolytes

Answer 15

Substances that dissolve in water to form solutions that conduct electricity

Question 16

strong electrolytes

Answer 16

completely dissociate into ions when they dissolve in water

Question 17

ionic compounds when dissolved in water:

Answer 17

break down into their component ions

Question 18

molecular compounds when dissolved in water

Answer 18

dissolve as intact molecules (NOT INCLUDING ACIDS)

Question 19

nonelectrolytes

Answer 19

do not dissociate into ions when dissolved in water, and result in solutions that do not conduct electricity

Question 20

strong acid

Answer 20

completely ionizes in solution

Question 21

strong acids are also

Answer 21

strong electrolytes

Question 22

how are ionizations of strong acids represented

Answer 22

single reaction arrow between the acid and its ionized form

Question 23

weak acids

Answer 23

do not completely ionize in water

Question 24

partial ionizations of weak acids are represented with

Answer 24

opposing half arrows between the reactants and products

Question 25

weak acids are also

Answer 25

weak electrolytes

Question 26

not all ionic compounds are

Answer 26

soluble

Question 27

soluble

Answer 27

if it dissolves in water

Question 28

insoluble

Answer 28

if it does not dissolve in water

Question 29

when compounds containing polyatomic ions dissolve...

Answer 29

the polyatomic ions dissolve as intact units

Question 30

precipitation reactions

Answer 30

reactions in which a solid (precipitate) forms when two solutions are mixed

Question 31

only ____ compounds form precipitates

Answer 31

insoluble

Question 32

molecular equation

Answer 32

shows the complete neutral formulas for each compound in the reaction as if they existed in molecules

Question 33

complete ionic equations

Answer 33

lists all of the ions present as either reactants or products in a chemical reactions

Question 34

strong electrolytes are always represented as their _________ in ionic equations, weak electrolytes are not.

Answer 34

comoponent ions

Question 35

spectator ions

Answer 35

the ions in complete ionic equations that appear unchanged on both sides of the equation

Question 36

net ionic equation

Answer 36

only show the species that actually change during the reaction

Question 37

acid-base reactions (neutralization reactions)

Answer 37

an acid reacts with a base, and the two neutralize each other, producing water

Question 38

gas evolution reaction

Answer 38

a gas forms, resulting in bubbling

Question 39

in both gas ev. and acid-base reactions, the reactions occur when the

Answer 39

anion from one reactant combines with the cation of the other.

Question 40

many gas evolution reactions are also

Answer 40

acid base reactions

Question 41

bases

Answer 41

substances that produce hydroxide (OH-) ions in aq solutions as neutralizing agents

Question 42

H+ (aq) and H3O+ (aq) are used interchangeably to mean

Answer 42

hydronium ion

Question 43

polyprotic acids

Answer 43

contain more than one ionizable proton and release them sequentially

Question 44

diprotic acid

Answer 44

an acid that contains two ionizable protons

Question 45

when we mix an acid and a base, the H+ from the ____ (weak or strong) combines with the OH- from the ____ to form ____.

Answer 45

acid; base; H2O

Question 46

acid base reactions generally form ____ and _____ called a ____.

Answer 46

water and an ionic compound called a salt

Question 47

a salt generally refers to

Answer 47

any ionic compound

Question 48

titration

Answer 48

substance in a solution of known concentration is reacted with another substance in a solution of unknown concentration

Question 49

equivalence point

Answer 49

point in the tritiation when the # of moles of OH- added equals the moles of H+ initially in solution

Question 50

indicator

Answer 50

signals the equivalence point; dye whose color depends on the acidity/basicity of the solution

Question 51

some gas evolution reactions form an _____ that then decomposes to form a gas

Answer 51

intermediate product

Question 52

redox reactions

Answer 52

reactions in which electrons transfer from one reactant to the other

Question 53

many redox reactions involve the reaction of a substance with

Answer 53

oxygen

Question 54

oxidation

Answer 54

loss of electrons

Question 55

reduction

Answer 55

gain of electrons

Question 56

mnemonic: OILRIG

Answer 56

oxidation is loss; reduction is gain

Question 57

oxidation state/#

Answer 57

given to each atom based on the electron assignments; charge it would have if all shared electrons were assigned to the atom with the greatest attraction for those electrons

Question 58

group 1 A oxidation state

Answer 58

+1

Question 59

group 2A metal oxidation state

Answer 59

+2

Question 60

oxidation states can be used to identify

Answer 60

redox reactions

Question 61

oxidation: increase in____

Answer 61

oxidation state

Question 62

reduction: decrease in ____

Answer 62

oxidation state

Question 63

oxidation and reduction must ...

Answer 63

occur together

Question 64

oxidizing agent

Answer 64

causes the oxidation of another substance

Question 65

the oxidizing agent is always

Answer 65

reduced

Question 66

reducing agen

Answer 66

substance that causes the reduction of another substance

Question 67

the reducing agent is always

Answer 67

oxidized

Question 68

if A has a greater tendency to lose electrons than B, then A is more easily ___ than B

Answer 68

oxidized