Ch. 5

Question 1

DNA is important because it’s an ____ and carries ___, which are most important of all biological knowledge bc it contains instructions for the function of every enzyme and cell in our bodies and carries the evolutionary history of cells/organisms

Answer 1

identifier; Genes

Question 2

How can DNA serve as an individual identifier?

Answer 2

every person’s DNA is unique and leaves a trail of DNA behind us as we go about lives

Question 3

DNA is which type of macromolecule

Answer 3

nucleic acid

-nucleic acids store info, DNA stores genetic info

Question 4

nucleotides are made up of what

Answer 4

three components: a molecules of sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen containing molecule called a base

Question 5

base

Answer 5

nitrogen containing molecule

Question 6

what are the “backbones” of DNA

Answer 6

two distinct strands, like the vertical sides of a ladder

Question 7

what are the “backbones” made up of

Answer 7

two alternating molecules: sugar and a phosphage group (then sugar then a phosphate group)

Question 8

sugar is always..

Answer 8

deoxyribose

Question 9

what is the role of the alternating sugars and phosphates

Answer 9

support

Question 10

what’s important about the rungs of the ladders in DNA

Answer 10

one of four bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine or A,T,C,G

Question 11

THE BASES BIND TO THE LADDER VIA WHAT

Answer 11

HYDROGEN BONDS AND BASE PAIRS

Question 12

A pairs with

Answer 12

T

Question 13

C pairs with

Answer 13

G

Question 14

does the sugar backbone convey genetic information?

Answer 14

no, it holds the base sequences

Question 15

why is DNA considered the universal code for all life on earth?

Answer 15

it embodies the instructions for building the cells and structures for almost every single living organism on earth

Question 16

An organism’s _____ is similar to a cookbook

Answer 16

DNA;

Question 17

why is DNA like a cookbook

Answer 17

cookbooks contain detailed instructions on how to make a variety of foods/dishes, and an organism’s DNA carries the detailed instructions to build an organism and keep it running

Question 18

How does a DNA sequence be viewed as a code?

Answer 18

by the nucleotide base pairs, the dna makes up a code that holds the instructions for the building of the organism

Question 19

genome

Answer 19

full set of dna present in an individual organism

Question 20

how are DNA stored in prokaryotes and bacteria?

Answer 20

in circular peices

Question 21

how is DNA stored in eukaryotes and humans?

Answer 21

Chromosomes, strands of DNA; humans have 23 and two copies of each, so 46. (copy from mom and dad)

Question 22

locus/loci

Answer 22

location or position of a gene on a chromosone

Question 23

gene

Answer 23

sequence of bases/base pairs in a DNA molecule that carries info for producing a functional product, usually a polypeptide or RNA molecule

Question 24

each gene is the instruction set for producing one particular molecule, usually a what

Answer 24

protein

Question 25

how come there are different versions of the same characteristic?

Answer 25

some individuals have slightly different instructions sets for a given protein, and the instructions result in different versions of the same characteristic

Question 26

alleles

Answer 26

alternative versions of a gene that code for the same feature

Question 27

trait

Answer 27

any single characteristic or feature of an organism

Question 28

describe relationship between the size of an organism's genome and the organism's complexity

Answer 28

there isn't one

Question 29

non-coding DNA was known as

Answer 29

junk DNA

Question 30

what type of organisms have the most "junk DNA"?

Answer 30

Euakryotes

Question 31

introns

Answer 31

where 25% of the non-coding regions occur within genes

Question 32

about 75%of the non-coding regions occur where

Answer 32

between genes

Question 33

what have scientists found out about noncoding dna?

Answer 33

encodes extremely short RNA molecules.. about twenty nucleotides long that function in gene regulation

Question 34

transcription

Answer 34

copy of a gene's base sequence is made

Question 35

translation

Answer 35

the copy that was just made in transcription is used to direct the production of a polypeptide, which then, in a response to a variety of factors, including the cellular environment, folds into a functional protein

Question 36

where are the base pairs/code copied during transcription in eukaryotes?

Answer 36

the middle man molecule called messenger RNA aka mRNA

Question 37

where does transcription occur in prokaryote4s

Answer 37

cytoplasm bc it doesnt have a nucleus

Question 38

where does transcription occur in eukaryotes?

Answer 38

nucleus

Question 39

what is done with the copy made in translation?

Answer 39

used to direct the production of a polypeptide

Question 40

In transcription, the info coded in DNA is copied into what

Answer 40

mRNA

Question 41

If dna is like a cookbook filled with recipes, transcription and translation are like what

Answer 41

cooking

Question 42

step 1 of transcription

Answer 42

recognize and bind Enzyme RNA polymerase recognizes a promoter site which tells teh RNA polymerase to "start here." RNA polymerase then binds to the DNA molecule at the promoter site and unwinds it a little bit so that one strand of DNA could be read

Question 43

Promoter site

Answer 43

sequence in a gene that indicates the start of a gene

Question 44

step 2 of transcription

Answer 44

transcribe as dna is being processed through the RNA polymerase, the RNA polymerase builds a copy called a "transcript" of the gene from the dna molecule. the copy becomes a messenger RNA bc once the copy of the gene is created, it can move elsewhere in the cell and its message can be translated into a protein

Question 45

what's different about the pairing bases in transcription?

Answer 45

a pairs with u, uracil

Question 46

step three of transcription

Answer 46

terminate once the rna polymerase comes to the termination sequence, it stops creating the transcript and detaches from the dna molecule

Question 47

termination sequence

Answer 47

sequence of bases on DNA at the end of a gene

Question 48

what happens after termination to the mrna molecule?

Answer 48

becomes a free-floating, single-strand copy of the gene

Question 49

step four of transcription

Answer 49

capping and editing extra processing before translated into a protein; the cap and tail are added at the beginning and end of the transcri[pt, like the fron and back covers of a book

Question 50

does step four of transcription occur in all cells?

Answer 50

in prokaryotes the dna is ready to be translated into a protein bc it doesnt have a nuclear membrane to cross, but in eukaryotes mrnas have to do the extra step because of their nuclear membrane