Ch 5-7 Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
5 cardiac medications
A
Antiarrhythmic Antihypertensive Heart failure medications Diuretics Lipid lowering medications
2
Q
Medications that affect the electrical conduction (movement of electrically charged particle) of the myocardium; goal is to suppress excess electrical conduction within the cardiac system and thus decrease arrhythmia production
A
Antiarrhythmic
3
Q
Irregular heartbeat
A
Arrhythmia
4
Q
2 examples of antiarrhythmic
A
Lidocaine
Digoxin
5
Q
Medications that lower blood pressure
Patients with severe hypertension will require more than one of these
Decreases the amount of work for the heart (heart working too hard)
A
Antihypertensive
6
Q
High blood pressure (BP); heart working too hard/pumping too much
A
Hypertension
7
Q
2 examples of antihypertensives
A
Clonadine
Hydralazine
8
Q
Medications that usually increase the contractile force of the heart because it is not pumping very strong and has too low of a BP
Increase blood pressure
People with history of heart attack will take these
A
Heart failure medications
9
Q
3 examples of heart failure medications
A
Digoxin
Dopamine
Epinephrine
10
Q
Fast heartbeat
A
Tachycardia
11
Q
Slow heartbeat
A
Brachycardia
12
Q
What is a regular blood pressure?
A
120/80
13
Q
Medications that decrease intravascular pressure
“Water pills”
Designed to eliminate excess fluid and sodium from the bloodstream, thus decreasing the overall pressure within the vessels
This can cause dehydration and can increase the possibility of reactions
Rad techs need to keep an eye out for this with patients receiving contrast, because since they are dehydrated potentially the contrast will not be eliminated as fast
A
Diuretics
14
Q
2 examples of diuretics
A
Metalozone
Hydrochlorothiazide
15
Q
Medication that lowers serum cholesterol
These patients usually have high cholesterol with probably a lot of plaque, if that plaque dislodges from the vessel, it can cause an embolism or blood clot
Poor blood flow makes absorption harder
A
Lipid lowering medications
16
Q
2 examples of lipid lowering medications
A
Niacin
Lovastatin
17
Q
3 blood altering medications
A
Anticoagulants
Antiplatelet
Thrombolytic
18
Q
Medication used in patients who have either a history of blood clot formation or the potential to develop blood clots
This drug is used to stop clot formation
“Blood Thinners”
A patient with a blood clot leg’s are usually warm to the touch, swollen, and red; ultrasound done usually to rule out DVT
A
Anticoagulants
19
Q
3 examples of anticoagulants
A
Heparin
Warfarin
Coumadin
20
Q
Medications used to treat heart disease
Stop platelet formation
More effective on arterial circulation
Used in patients who have experienced an acute ischemic (decrease in the blood supply) event to either their heart or their brain in the past
An example would be a TIA (aka mini stroke-Transient Ischemic Attack)
A
Antiplatelet
21
Q
What is an example of an antiplatelet?
A
Baby aspirin
22
Q
Clot Busters; medications used to actively break up a newly formed clot, such as found in patients with an acute stroke
These patients are at high risk for bleeding internally/externally, so starting an IV should not be done without physician supervision, because it thins the blood out
A
Thrombolytic
23
Q
What is an example of a thrombolytic?
A
Urokinase
24
Q
3 analgesics
A
Narcotics
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS)
Muscle relaxant
25
Relieve pain; treat headaches, muscle aches, etc.
Analgesic
26
What is an example of an analgesic?
Tylenol (OTC)
27
```
Medications that stimulate central nervous system receptors
Narcotics are generally highly controlled by the local and federal enforcement agencies to prevent misuse into the community; unfortunately a lot of people sell these drugs that they were prescribed
Respiratory arrest (stop breathing) can occur if the dose is too great
```
Narcotics
28
2 examples of narcotics
Fentanyl
| Hydrocodone/Vicodin
29
Medications used to treat pain associated with inflammation such as arthritis, muscle tears, broken bones, to name a few
Long term use can lead to stomach ulcers and GI bleeding
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS)
30
2 examples of NSAIDS
Ibuprofen-or Advil
| Naproxen-enteric coated
31
Medications that treat muscle spasms
Usually people with whiplash or spinal cord injuries
Can make you sleepy
These types can be good for a patient that have uncontrollable movement through an exam
Muscle relaxants
32
3 types of muscle relaxants
Diazepam
Lorazepam
Flexeril
33
Probably the most common analgesic in use today
It is contained in almost all pain medication combinations
Low potency pain reliever
Long term use of high doses can cause renal and cardiac damage
Generic name: acetaminophen
Chemical name: N- (4-hydroxphenyl)
Brand name: Tylenol
34
Medications that prohibit histamine release in an allergic reaction to relieve adverse effects such as sneezing, itching, inflammation, and respiratory distress
Also used for common allergies
Antihistamines
35
3 examples of antihistamines
Benadryl
Claritin
Zyrtec
36
2 endocrine medications
Antidiabetic
| Thyroid
37
Medications that aid in maintaining the balance between blood sugar and tissue sugar
Some patients are termed insulin dependent because they have little or no circulating endogenous (within the body) insulin
When injecting contrast, you should have the patient suspend their diabetic medication for 48 hours after injection, this can hurt their kidney function if not suspended
Antidiabetic
38
3 examples on antidiabetics
Glipizide
Metformin
Glucophage
39
Medication used to treat hypothyroidism that is either primary because of a lack of endogenous thyroid production or secondary to removal of the thyroid gland
Thyroid medication
40
Underactive thyroid, doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormone
Hypothyroidism
41
What is an example of a thyroid medication?
Thyroxine
42
Medication to treat hyperthyroidism
Anti-thyroid medication
43
What is an example of an anti-thyroid medication?
Methimazole
44
Medications used to prevent and to treat seizure disorders
Convulsions result from decrease in O2 and blood flow to the brain
Goal is to stop the seizure activity and to prolong the interval between each seizure event
Anti-seizure medications
45
3 examples of anti-seizure medications
Diazepam
Lorazepam
Clonazepam
46
4 types of central nervous system medications
Anti-seizure medications
Antipsychotic
Antidepressants
Antianxiety
47
Medications used to treat psychotic episodes and disorders such as schizophrenia, hallucinations, or antisocial behaviors to name a few
For these types of patients, try not to be alone
Antipsychotic
48
2 examples of antipsychotics
Clozapine
| Loxapine
49
Medications used to treat clinical depression that results from neurotransmitter deficiencies
This is something to take very seriously if your patients talk to you about it
Antidepressants
50
2 examples of antidepressants
Nortriptyline
| Amitriptyline
51
Medications used for treating acute and chronic anxiety states
In the radiology field, you will see this with patients that require a sedative for example for claustrophobia, especially in MRI
Antianxiety
52
2 examples of antianxiety medications
Diazepam
| Clonazepam
53
What should you do if a patient has a seizure?
Make sure they don't hurt themselves, won't fall, etc.
54
3 anti-infective agents
Antibiotics
Antifungals
Antivirals
55
Therapeutic agents used to kill or suppress pathologic microorganisms responsible for causing infectious disease.
Will kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria
Antibiotics
56
What is an example of antibiotics?
Penicillin
57
Medications used to kill fungal organisms; ex: treating athletes foot or yeast infection
Antifungals
58
What is an example of antifungals?
Nystatin
59
Medications used for treating viral infections; ex: influenza
Antivirals
60
Extremely toxic compounds designed to kill off rapidly growing cells of the human body by altering or destroying the various stages in cellular division
Example is on cancerous cell
Chemotherapy agents
61
What is an example of a chemotherapy agent?
Adriamycin
62
High density pharmacologic agents used to visualize low-contrast tissues in the body, such as the vasculature, kidneys, GI tract, and biliary tree
Radiopaque contrast media (ROCM)
63
2 most common ROCM
Iodine
| Barium
64
Radiolucent and radiopaque appears how on x-rays?
```
Radiolucent = black
Radiopaque = white
```
65
Treatment other than through the digestive system
| Ex: IV contrast
Parenteral
66
Through the digestive system
| Ex: drinking contrast
Enteral
67
The movement of water across a semi permeable membrane (allowing only certain substances to pass through it) into a solution where the solvent concentration is higher, thus equalizing the concentrations of materials on either side of the membrane
There must be a greater concentration of solute on one side so that water is drawn across the membrane
Osmosis
68
Two substances (solute and solvent) that are evenly mixed together
Solution
69
Substance being dissolved (sugar)
Solute
70
The one doing the dissolving (water)
Solvent
71
The number of milliosmoles per kilogram of water or the concentration of molecules per weight of water
Osmolality
72
The number of milliosmoles per liter of solution of the concentration of molecules per volume of solution
Osmolarity
73
Action of osmolality and osmolarity
Osmotic activity
74
A highly osmotic agent (the sugar) will attract water across a permeable (allowing liquids or gases to pass) or semi permeable membrane to try to equalize pressure
High osmotic agents
75
3 categories of intravascular contrast media
High osmolality ionic
Low osmolality ionic
Low osmolality non-ionic
76
MOST damaging IV ROCM, inexpensive, contains a high amount of iodine
High osmolality ionic
77
IV ROCM that has a high iodine content and cost more than the high osmolality ionic
Doesn’t require as much ROCM to visualize structures as the high osmolality ROCM
Low osmolality ionic
78
Most commonly used, safest IV ROCM, less risky, expensive, still contains a little iodine
Less reactions to contrast
Low osmolality non-ionic
79
ROCM is primarily excreted by which organs?
Kidneys
80
Patients with normal renal function may excrete all (measurable) ROCM within how many hours?
24 hours
81
ROCM primarily used to visualize and diagnose disorders of the gastrointestinal tract
Enteral ROCM
82
3 types of enteral ROCM
Solutions
Suspensions
Tablets
83
A liquid containing a dissolved substance
These are clear
Common ones used in the diagnosis of GI disorders are Gastrografin and Gastroview (water soluble contrast agent
Solutions
84
Obtained when particles are mixed with, but do not dissolve in a fluid
These are not clear, cloudy
Barium Sulfate is the most common one used to visualize the GI tract
Suspensions
85
2 ways bacterial contamination can occur
Unsanitary mixing
| Storing liquid suspensions in open containers without refrigeration
86
3 examples of hypersensitivity to barium (rare but occurs)
Respiratory complications
Loss of consciousness
Anaphylaxis
87
A tablet taken to opacify (look at) the gallbladder
Used for gallbladder studies to check for gallstones
After ingestion of the tablet it is digested in the stomach, sent through portal circulation to the gallbladder where it mixes with bile salts to aid in digestion
Iocetamic acid
88
Contrast used in MRI only
Gadolinium is the most common
Examples: Omniscan, Magnevist, Prohance
Paramagnetic contrast agents
89
Ultrasound contrast agents, ex: Optison
Microbubble agents
90
An estimated one of every how many patients receiving ROCM dies as a result of adverse effects from ROCM?
20,000-40,000
91
The blood iodine concentration must be within the range of _______ mg/ml for a normal x-ray to reflect the vascular lumen
280-370 mg/ml
92
Sensors in the vascular system that respond to changes in pressure within blood vessels
Ex: sends signals to the brain
Baroreceptors
93
Neural receptors that respond to some local chemical change
| Ex: the heart rate adjusted
Chemoreceptors
94
The baroreceptors/chemoreceptors cause the nervous system to slow down the heart rate (bradycardia) and produce a drop in aortic pressure
If this occurs the patient may faint or lose consciousness
Vasovagal reactions
95
9 vasovagal reactions
```
Skin paleness
Lightheadedness
Tunnel vision (your field of vision is constricted so that you see only what's in front of you)
Nausea
Feeling of warmth
Diaphoresis
Blurred vision
Bradycardia
Syncope
```
96
A cold, clammy sweat
Diaphoresis
97
Chelate
Bind to
98
Blood thinning
Anticoagulation
99
An immediately life-threatening systemic hypersensitivity reaction
Anaphylaxis
100
15 anaphylactic effects
```
Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Hives
Rash
Flushing
Cyanosis
Lightheadedness
Unconsciousness
Seizures
Wheezing
Stridor
Respiratory distress
Cardiac dysrhythmias
Hypotension
```
101
Bluish color of the skin usually due to lack of oxygen
Cyanosis
102
Abnormal, high-pitched, musical breathing sound caused by a blockage in the throat
Stridor
103
Low blood pressure
Hypotension
104
Connective tissue cells that contain the chemicals histamine (involved in the inflammatory process)
Slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis
Located in the skin, synovium (membrane that lines a joint), and mesentery (a fold of the peritoneum that attaches the stomach, small intestine, pancreas, spleen, and other organs to the posterior wall of the abdomen)
Mast cells
105
ROCM are responsible for approximately what percent of all acute renal failure (ARF) events and are the what most common cause of hospital-acquired ARF?
10%
| Third
106
Low urine output in acute renal failure patients
| Urine output that does not exceed 400 ml a day
Oliguric ARF
107
What is the average urine output?
800-2000 mL a day
108
Process of removing waste products and excess fluids from the body
Several times a week
Dialysis
109
A condition in which the kidneys suddenly can't filter waste from the blood
Acute renal failure
110
Toxicity with the kidneys
Direct renal tubular toxicity
111
Deficiency of blood in one or both kidneys usually due to constriction of blood vessels
Renal ischemia
112
What is the most important preventative measure that one can perform to prevent adverse reactions?
Hydration
113
Relatively new agent for treating hypertensive emergencies
Treats high blood pressure
Shown to increase and preserve renal blood flow
Good to take before having IV contrast to help prevent negative renal problems from occurring
Fenoldopam
114
Can help prevent renal damage from IV contrast when kidneys are already compromised
It improves renal blood flow and reducing the dye’s nephrotoxic effects
Vasodilators can be used to dilate the vessels if there is a constriction in order to help blood flow
Will usually start this 48 hours prior to injection
Mucomyst/Acetylcysteine
115
Acute, life threatening condition where an excessive amount of thyroid hormones are released
Generally occurs in patients who have decompensated thyrotoxicosis, which is a condition in which the body becomes unable to tolerate thyroid hormones
Iodine from the contrast can cause the thyroid to produce amounts of thyroid hormones that exceed the body’s tolerance level
Signs/Symptoms:
Fever, tachycardia, diaphoresis, nervousness, and emotional instability
Thyroid storm
116
8 general side effects and adverse reactions
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Nausea
Vomiting
Flushing with a generalized feeling of warmth
Metallic taste
Sneezing
Itching
Rash
Diaphoresis
```
117
4 main contrasts used in MRI
Omniscan
Optimark
Prohance
Magnevist
